[Music]
[音乐]
Graham is blind yet he can
格雷厄姆是盲人，但他可以
see his condition is so paradoxical that
看到自己的情况如此矛盾，以至于
it was ignored by scientists for years
多年来一直被科学家忽视，
every now and then an observation comes
然后
along in science that doesn't make any
科学中出现一个没有任何
sense it's curious It's inexplicable it
意义的观察结果，这很奇怪，令人费解，它
doesn't fit the established body of
不符合现实 已建立的
beliefs such an observation we call an
信念体系 这样的观察结果我们称之为
anomaly at that time when you had the
异常 当你中风的时候
stroke could you walk Mrs Sinclair is
你能走路吗 辛克莱夫人
convinced that her paralyzed left arm
确信她瘫痪的左臂
belongs to her husband in an earlier
早些时候属于她的丈夫
time she would have been dismissed as
如果
mad
now when you encounter an anomaly of
现在当你遇到
this kind the normal human tendency is
人类的正常倾向是
to brush it aside is to pretend that it
将其抛在一边，假装它
doesn't exist is to engage in a form of
不存在，进行某种形式的
psychological denial and to forge ah
心理否认并伪造啊
head villain ramachandran is one of the
头恶棍拉马钱德兰是
world's leading brain scientists he was
世界领先的脑科学家之一，他
born in India where he trained to be a
出生 他在印度接受了
doctor but his fascination with the
医生培训，但他对
human mind drew him to Britain to study
人类思维的迷恋吸引他来到英国研究
the brain and then to the world Mecca of
大脑，然后又来到
Neuroscience San Diego
神经科学的圣地加利福尼亚州
California today his interest in strange
圣地亚哥。今天，他对奇怪的
neurological cases is helping him tackle
神经病例的兴趣正在帮助他解决
one of science's ultimate challenges the
科学的终极问题之一 挑战
mystery of how the human brain
人类大脑如何
works which one is
运作的奥秘，哪个在
wiggling
摆动，
none your know not moving either okay
你不知道，也没有在移动，好吧，这是
simple test here in this first of two
programs about the Scientific Revolution
关于科学革命的两个节目中的第一个，
that is Transforming Our view of how the
正在改变我们对
brain works ramach chandron investigates
大脑如何运作的看法，拉马赫·钱德伦研究了
four bizarre neurological
四种奇怪的神经系统
conditions each case is a detective
疾病 每个案例都是一个侦探
story that not only reveals the workings
故事，不仅揭示了
of the human mind but also raises
人类思维的运作方式，还提出了
questions that scientists once felt were
科学家们曾经认为
best left of
最好留给
philosophers big questions like what is
哲学家的一些重大问题，比如什么是
consciousness what do we mean by a
意识，我们所说的信念是什么
belief how does the brain create our
意思，大脑如何产生我们的
sense of
感觉？
reality I'll never get this star
现实我永远不会让这个明星
hopeless at
绝望，
this try me absolutely up the
尝试我绝对爬上
wall Peggy won't get the left side of
墙佩吉不会让
her Star right however hard she tries
她的明星的左侧正确，无论她多么努力，
that's because the left side of her
因为她现实的左侧
reality has totally
已经完全
vanished what excites me is I can
消失了，让我兴奋的是我可以
pretend I'm Sherlock Holmes and try and
假装我是夏洛克·福尔摩斯，试着
figure out what has gone wrong in this
找出这个
patient's brain what's changed that
病人的大脑出了什么问题，是什么变化
accounts for the strange
导致了奇怪的
symptoms and this of course is a lot of
症状，这当然很
fun to do because you're are learning a
有趣，因为你正在学习
lot about how the normal human brain
很多关于正常现象的知识。 人类大脑的
works and how the activity of neurons in
工作原理，以及正常大脑中神经元的活动如何
the normal brain gives rise to conscious
产生有意识的
experience and gives rise to the whole
体验，并产生我们
spectrum of abilities that we call human
称之为人性的全部能力，在
nature soon after Derek lost his arm he
德里克失去手臂后不久，
had a bizarre experience
when I first started shaving after my
当我第一次开始刮胡子时，他经历了一次奇怪的经历。
surgery I would feel my absent hand
手术时，每当我剃掉左脸的胡子时，我都会感到我缺席的手
start to hurt and tingle whenever I
开始疼痛和刺痛
shave this left side of my
face Derek was feeling his Phantom limb
德里克感觉到他的幻肢是
a mysterious condition that causes
一种神秘的状况，导致
amputees to feel the Vivid presence of a
截肢者在失去
missing arm more leg long after it has
手臂很长时间后仍能感觉到失去的手臂的生动存在
gone
[ 音乐]
Oh Derek is in his early 30s he grew up
Oh Derek 30 岁出头，他
in San Diego and was set for a career in
在圣地亚哥长大，本来打算在
the US Navy when a terrible accident
美国海军工作，但 13 年前一场可怕的事故
changed his life
utterly 13 years ago I was involved in a
彻底改变了他的生活。
motorcycle accident and I pulled the
nerves out of my spinal cord up in my
我的脊髓在我的
neck
脖子上，
they told my parents directly that I
他们直接告诉我的父母，我
would never use my arm again and I took
再也不会使用我的手臂了，我抓住
the opportunity to have the
机会做了
surgery after my surgery I sat up in the
手术，手术后，我坐在
bed of the hospital and still felt the
医院的床上，仍然感觉到
arm there still felt everything there
那里的手臂仍然感觉到一切
and I'm looking down and I'm seeing
我低头看去，什么也
nothing it was pretty bizarre the more I
没看到，这很奇怪，我
thought about it the more it hurt the
越想越痛苦，我
more it hurt the more I thought about it
越想越痛苦，
I really had no idea what was going on
我真的不知道
on about seven years ago I was reading
七年来发生了什么 之前我正在阅读
through the
classifi and I saw an ad in there
分类，我看到那里有
amputees wanted thought it was a joke
截肢者想要的广告，以为这是一个笑话，
open your feet up a little bit keep your
把脚打开一点，保持
knees bent don't do it stiff so I called
膝盖弯曲，不要僵硬，所以我拨打了
the number and it was Dr ramachandra
这个号码，这是拉马钱德拉博士的
beautiful for ramachandran Derek's weird
美丽 拉马钱德兰·德里克的怪异
Sensations raised tantalizing questions
感觉对我们体验身体的方式提出了诱人的问题，
about the way we all experience our
bodies that was good Derek's call marked
这很好德里克的电话标志着
the start of a collaboration that
合作的开始，这种合作
continues to this
一直持续到
day if there is any one thing about our
今天如果说我们的存在有任何一件事
existence that we take for granted it's
是我们理所当然的，那就是
the fact that we have a body each of us
我们 我们每个人
has a body and you know you give it a
都有一个身体，你知道你给它一个
name it has a bank account and so on and
名字，它有一个银行账户
so forth uh but it turns out even your
等等，呃，但事实证明，甚至你的
body is something that you construct in
身体也是你在头脑中构建的，
your mind and this is what we called
这就是我们所说的
your body image now of course in my case
你的身体形象现在当然在我的例子中，
it's substantiated by the fact that
它是由
there really is a body with bone and
确实存在一个有骨骼和
tissue but but the sense I have the
组织的身体这一事实所证实的，但我的感觉是
internal sense I have of of the presence
我对身体和手臂的存在有内在的感觉，
of a body and arms and all of that is of
所有这些都是
course constructed in my brain and it's
课程在我的大脑中构建，
in my mind and the most striking
在我的脑海中，最引人注目的
evidence for this comes from these
证据来自于这些
patients who have had an amputation and
截肢患者，他们
continue to feel the presence of the
仍然感觉到
missing
失去的
hand yay one of the first things that
手的存在，是的，
Derek described was the bizarre sensing
德里克描述的第一件事就是奇怪的感觉
of his Phantom hand while shaving
剃须时他的幻手
ramach chandrum was immediately
立即引起了
intrigued and suggested a simple
兴趣，并建议进行一个简单的
test D I'm going to touch different
测试 D 我要触摸你
parts of your body and I just want you
身体的不同部位，我只想让你
to tell me what you feel and where you
告诉我你的感觉以及你在哪里
experience the sensation okay okay close
体验到这种感觉 好吧好吧闭上
your
eyes you could feel that on my forehead
你的眼睛 可以感觉到在我的额头上
anything anywhere else no
任何其他地方
okay it's on my nose Okay my chest your
不好吧它在我的鼻子上好吧我的胸部你的
chest
胸部
okay I can feel that on my cheek and I
好吧我可以感觉到在我的脸颊上我
can feel rubbing on the Phantom left
可以感觉到在幻影的左手上摩擦
hand on the Phantom left hand in
除了
addition to your cheek I'm going to run
你的脸颊之外在幻影的左手上我' 我要用
the Q-tip across your jaw and see what
棉签擦过你的下巴，看看会
happens I can feel the Q-tip on my cheek
发生什么 我可以感觉到棉签在我的脸颊上，
and I can feel a stroking sensation
我可以感觉到幻影手上有抚摸的感觉，
across the Phantom hand you actually
你实际上
feel it stroking across your Phantom
感觉到它抚摸着你幻影
hand so here is a medical mystery of ss
手上的感觉，所以这是一个医学 ss之谜
why does this happen why would a person
为什么会发生这种情况 为什么
when you touch his face claim that I
当你触摸一个人的脸时，他会声称我
also touching his missing Phantom
也触摸了他失踪的幻影
fingers
手指
fine a few weeks later ramach chandron
几周后，拉马奇·钱德伦
visited Derek at his home to explain his
拜访了德里克，解释了他的
findings so why do I always feel that
发现 那么为什么我总是觉得
Phantom arm there the reason we think it
幻影手臂 我们认为发生这种情况的原因
happens is that in the brain there is a
是，在大脑中存在
complete map of the surface of the body
身体表面的完整地图，
the entire left side of my body the skin
我身体的整个左侧皮肤
surface is mapped on to the right side
表面
of my brain along a vertical strip of
沿着垂直的皮质条映射到我的大脑右侧，
Cortex which we call the mat sensory
我们称之为垫子感觉
cortex similarly the right side of my
皮层，类似地，我身体的右侧
body is represented on the left side of
代表
my
我的
brain so every point on your body
大脑的左侧，所以你身体
surface has a corresponding point on
表面上的每个点在这张身体地图上都有一个对应的点，
this body
map now it turns out that the
现在事实证明，
representation of the face on this map
面部的代表 这张地图上的位置
is right next to the representation of
就在手的表示旁边，
the hand
now that's a bit surprising as you'd
这有点令人惊讶，因为您
expect the map to be continuous and
希望地图是连续的并且
Faithfully represent the left side of my
忠实地表示我身体的左侧，
body but it
但它
doesn't now imagine what would happen if
现在无法想象如果左臂会发生什么
the left arm were
被
amputated the part of the brain
截肢的大脑中与
corresponding to the hand no longer gets
手相对应的部分不再获得
any input and it's hungry for new
任何输入，并且它渴望新的
sensory input so to
感官输入，因此
speak the sensory signals from the face
说话时，来自面部的感觉信号
normally activate only the face area
通常只会激活
that's right next to the hand area but
紧邻手部区域的面部区域，但
they now invade the vacated territory
它们 现在侵入与
corresponding to the missing hand and
缺失的手相对应的空出区域，并
start activating the hand region in the
开始激活大脑中的手部区域，
brain and so whatever is reading those
因此无论高层读取这些
signals higher up misinterprets those
信号，都会误解这些
signals it says those signals are coming
信号，它说这些信号来自
from the missing hand so you experience
缺失的手，因此您会体验到
the sensations of coming from the
来自缺失的手的感觉。
missing fingers even though I'm touching
即使我在触摸
your face and this is showing there's
你的脸，手指也不见了，这表明
been a mass reorganization of the
sensory Pathways in your brain after the
截肢后你大脑中的感觉通路发生了大规模重组，就
amputation it's as though there's been a
好像
cross wirring in your brain which
你的大脑中出现了交叉接线，这正是
exactly exactly I can relate to the fact
我可以与以下事实联系起来的：
that my brain has
我的大脑已经重新
remapped ramachandran's sleth likee
映射了拉马钱德兰的像斯莱特一样的
deduction that Derek's brain may have
推论，德里克的大脑可能已经
remapped itself is a powerful challenge
重新映射了自己，这是对
to received wisdom about the brain now
关于大脑的公认智慧的一个强有力的挑战，现在
the implication of this is quite
这意味着非常
extraordinary because now one of the
非同寻常，因为现在
dogmas in neurology has always been that
神经学的教条之一一直是，
connections are laid down in the fetus
连接是建立在 婴儿
in an early infancy and once these
早期的胎儿，一旦
connections are laid down there's
建立了这些联系，就
nothing you can do to change
没有什么可以改变
them so far ramachandran's remapping
它们，到目前为止，拉马钱德兰的重新映射
idea was only a hypothesis as a
想法只是作为一名
scientist he knew that such a radical
科学家的假设，他知道这样一个激进的
idea required scientific proof it was
想法需要科学证明，是
time to take Derek to the Meg scanner
时候带德里克去 梅格扫描仪
this would disclose what was actually
这将揭示
going on in his
他的
brain when bar various parts of Derek's
大脑中实际发生的情况，当德里克身体的各个部分
body were wired up the corresponding
连接起来时，
activity in his brain revealed the
他大脑中的相应活动揭示了
layout of his body
他的身体地图的布局
map this is an image of Derek's
这是德里克大脑的图像
brain the Green Spot in the left
绿点 左半球
hemisphere corresponds to dereck's right
对应德里克的右手，右手
hand which is
intact next to it the red spot
完好无损，旁边的红点
represents the right side of Derek's
代表德里克脸部的右侧，
face but in the right hemisphere there
但右半球
is no green spot because Derek's left
没有绿点，因为德里克的
arm has been
左臂已被
amputated instead the red area
截肢，而不是
corresponding to his left cheek has now
对应的红色区域 他的左脸颊现在已经
expanded into the vacated green hand
扩展到空出的绿手
area these results triumphantly
区域，这些结果成功地
confirmed ramachandran's detective
证实了拉马钱德兰的侦探
work it's as though now the sensory
工作，就好像现在
input from the face is innovating a
来自面部的感觉输入正在创新
completely new part of the brain and
大脑的一个全新部分，
this means new pathways have been opened
这意味着新的途径已经
up whether this is because there's been
开辟，无论这是否 是因为
an actual sprouting of new nerve fibers
新的神经纤维实际萌芽，
or there have been pre-existing silent
或者之前存在的沉默
Pathways which are now suddenly
通路现在突然
active we suggested that maybe the
活跃起来，我们认为这些
connections are already there like
连接可能已经存在，就像
reserved troops ready to be called into
准备投入行动的预备部队一样，
action and when you amputate the hand
当你截掉手时，这些连接已经存在了。
these latent connections suddenly become
潜在的连接突然变得
active Phantom Sensations do not only
活跃 幻觉感觉不仅
occur in the
发生在四肢上
limbs but in fact you can get a phantom
，事实上，您
with almost any part of the body you can
几乎可以在身体的任何部位出现幻觉
get Phantom menstrual
cramps after
hysterctomy you can get Phantom appendix
子宫切除术后出现幻觉痛经 即使在阑尾切除后，您也可能出现幻觉阑尾
pain even after the appendix has been
痛 从
removed theoretically you could have a
理论上讲，你几乎可以拥有
phantom of almost any part of the
身体任何部位的幻影，当然
body not today except of course the
brain you can't have a phantom brain by
大脑之外，根据定义，你不能拥有幻影大脑，
definition because that's where we think
因为我们认为
it's all
这一切都
happening wherever in the body of
发生在幻影身体的任何地方，无论
phantom is experienced it almost
经历过它，它几乎
invariably
总是会
hurts and this raises a serious clinical
受伤 这就提出了一个严重的临床
problem how do you treat pain in a
问题，如何治疗
non-existent body part ramach chandron
不存在的身体部位的疼痛，拉马克·钱德隆
may have come up with a solution for
可能已经想出了幻肢的解决方案，
Phantom limbs at
least James has suffered Phantom Pain
至少自从六年前几天失去手以来，詹姆斯就一直遭受着幻痛的折磨。
ever since he lost his hand six years
ago a few days after I'd woke up you
我醒来后，你
know it might have been a week to uh
知道，可能已经过了一周，呃，
eight or nine days something like that
八九天，类似的事情，
before the pain really started getting
然后疼痛才真正开始变得
bad you know to where it was like your
严重，你知道，就像你的
hand is just clenched up real tight and
手紧紧地握着，
stuff are balded up you know and you
东西都秃了 你知道，你
can't move it ton clinch it's just you
无法移动它，只是你
can't try in your mind and everything
无法在脑海中尝试打开
that to open it to do anything to to
它，做任何事情来
relieve the pain and nothing works you
减轻疼痛，但没有任何作用，你
know one answer might be that the brain
知道，一个答案可能是大脑
is sending signals to the arm and trying
正在发送信号 到手臂并试图
to clench it but in you and me uh
握紧它，但在你和我身上，呃，
there's messages going back from the
muscles of the hand telling you you're
手部肌肉会发出信息，告诉你你
clenching too much or too fast and this
握得太紧或太快，这会
damps the the command signals so you can
抑制命令信号，这样
you can slow down but the patient has no
你就可以放慢速度，但是 病人没有
feedback because he doesn't have an arm
反馈，因为他没有手臂，
so the brain says send even more signals
所以大脑说发送更多信号，
okay and this goes on you get into a
好吧，这样下去你就进入了
sort of positive feedback loop so I said
一种积极的反馈循环，所以我说
well if you give him some some other
好吧，如果你给他一些其他的
source of feedback such as visual
反馈来源，比如 作为视觉
feedback maybe that'll trick the brain
反馈，也许这会欺骗大脑，让大脑
into thinking that the hand is clenching
认为手正在握紧
or unclenching and maybe you can
或松开，也许你可以
interrupt this Loop so I said well why
中断这个循环，所以我说，为什么
don't we put a mirror there and have
我们不在那里放一面镜子，让
James look inside the mirror it's as
詹姆斯看着镜子里面，就
though you have visually resurrected the
好像你在 已经在视觉上复活了
Phantom Limb and of course the patient
幻肢，当然病人
knows it's an illusion but it's very
知道这是一种幻觉，但是
very
compelling right now as you look in
现在当你看
there and you move your hand your
进去并移动你的手时，它非常非常引人注目，你的
Phantom does the same thing as your left
幻肢做了与你的左手相同的事情，所以
hand is doing so right now my fingers
现在我的手指
are moving in the right hand and there's
是 右手移动，
actually no right hand there
实际上没有右手，那里有
a phantom over which the patient had no
一个幻影，
control suddenly as a result of the
由于
visual feedback he's able to open it
视觉反馈，患者突然无法控制它，他能够在
first time I got in here and I've done
我第一次进入这里时打开它，我已经做到了
this and it was just like it relieved
这一点，这只是 就像它缓解了
the phantom pain unclenched it you know
幻痛，松开它你知道
it was just oh so intriguing you know
这只是哦，太有趣了你知道
sometimes it just it's hard to explain
有时它只是很难解释
how you felt you know ramama Chandon
你的感受你知道拉玛·钱登
feels that the mirror box needs to be
认为镜盒需要
evaluated carefully with many patients
与许多患者仔细评估才能
before we can be sure that it really
确定 它确实
works yet its undeniable success in
有效，但不可否认的是，它在
uncramp James's Phantom hand suggests
松开詹姆斯的幻手方面取得了成功，这表明即使是
that even pain can be a construct of the
疼痛也可以是
Mind Phantom limbs reveal how the brain
心灵的一种构造。幻肢揭示了大脑如何
can trick us into being aware of things
欺骗我们，让我们意识到不
that are not there but sometimes the
存在的事物，但有时
opposite can happen we find ourselves
相反的情况也可以 发生这种情况时，我们发现自己对
responding to events without being aware
事件做出反应，却没有意识到
that we're doing so as if some alien
我们正在这样做，就好像某个外星人的
mind were acting on our behalf
思想在代表我们行事一样，
this zombie like feature of the brain is
大脑的这种僵尸般的特征被
dramatically revealed by a rare
一种称为盲视的罕见情况戏剧性地揭示出来，
condition called Blind sight which
这种情况
enables you to see even though you are
使您能够看到即使 你是
blind Dr ramachandran grew up reading
瞎子 拉马钱德兰博士是读着
Sherlock Holmes who remains an
夏洛克·福尔摩斯长大的，作为一名大脑侦探，他今天仍然是一个
inspiration today
灵感来源，
as a brain detective he's always on the
他总是在
lookout for Clues as to how the brain
寻找关于大脑如何
works new information that might crack
工作的线索，可能会破解意识之谜的新信息
the mystery of
Consciousness people said you have a
人们说你有一个
grand overarching Theory guiding this
宏伟的总体理论指导 在
whole Enterprise I know very few
整个事业中，我认识很少有
scientists who do
科学家做
[音乐]，
that science is much more opportunistic
科学
than people
比人
[音乐]更加机会主义，
realize you see something FAS fasinating
意识到你看到了一些令人着迷的FAS
and you say my God what's going on here
，你说天哪，这里发生了什么，
and then you follow your nose and then
然后你跟着你的鼻子走，然后
there's all these unexpected twists and
就有了所有这些 出乎意料的
turns and nine out of 10 turn out to be
曲折，十分之九的结果是
wild goose chases a waste of time but
白费力气，但
the 10th One turns out to be gold mine
第十个结果是金矿
Graham is one of the world's few known
格雷厄姆是世界上为数不多的已知
blindsight patients he's blind yet he
盲视患者之一，他是盲人，但他
can
能
see this paradoxical condition shows
看到这一点 矛盾的情况表明，
just how much our brains get on with
我们的大脑在
running our lives without us even being
运行我们的生活时，我们甚至没有
aware of
意识到
it when I was eight when I had the
这一点，当我八岁时，当我发生
accident it was a road accident that
事故时，那是一场交通事故，
that caused the brain damage um I
导致了大脑损伤，嗯，我
literally used to walk into
确实曾经走进
lamposts um I ran into you know these
路灯柱，嗯 我遇到了你知道这些
huge great pillars you get in station
巨大的柱子，你在车站
I ran into one of those one
我遇到了其中一个
day the road accident caused colossal
一天，交通事故
damage to the main visual centers of
对格雷厄姆大脑的主要视觉中心造成了巨大的损害，
Graham's
brain he can see to his left but he is
他可以看到他的左边，但他
blind to everything on the right in both
对一切都视而不见
eyes if you put an object in that part
如果你在双眼的右侧放置一个物体，
of the field and ask him what is it he
并问他这是什么，他
has no idea he cannot perceive it
不知道他无法有意识
consciously
地
down and yet the remarkable thing is if
向下感知它，但值得注意的是，如果
you move this object he will tell you
你移动这个物体，他会告诉你
which direction it's moving right even
哪个方向
though he cannot see the object up
即使他看不到物体，它也会向右移动
blindsight is this term introduced by
盲视是
Larry Weiss Grant to describe the
拉里·韦斯·格兰特（Larry Weiss Grant）引入的这个术语，用于描述
ability of people like gram to detect
像克这样的人检测
things but not to be aware of them so
事物但不意识到它们的能力，
very very different from what we would
与我们通常所说的
normally call
Vision Colin Blakemore is one of several
视觉科林非常不同 布莱克莫尔是
Oxford scientists for whom Graham's
牛津大学的几位科学家之一，格雷厄姆的
mysterious abilities rais baffling
神秘能力对他们提出了关于意识的令人困惑的
questions about
问题。
Consciousness I mean blindsight is
我的意思是，
extraordinary when you you see it it's
当你看到盲视时，它是非凡的，它令人震惊，
shocking I think it's shocking because
我认为这令人震惊，因为
it brings home the fact that we can
它让一些人认识到我们
actually manage our brains without
实际上可以在没有意识的情况下管理我们的大脑。
Consciousness to some extent and that
程度，这就
leads to the question well then why not
引出了一个问题，那么为什么不是
everything why not everything and why do
所有的事情为什么不是所有的事情以及为什么
we need Consciousness for certain things
我们需要意识来处理某些事情，
what is the extra gloss that
Consciousness gives if anything to our
意识给我们的行为带来的额外光泽是什么，如果有的话，
actions for nearly 20 years Graham has
近20年来格雷厄姆
been the Willing subject of a range of
一直是一系列的自愿主题
experiments that have yielded
产生了
astonishing
惊人
results you can see things over here oh
结果的实验​​你可以在这里看到东西哦
yes I can see I'm going to move my hand
是的我可以看到我要把我的手移
across you tell me when it appears when
过去你告诉我它什么时候出现当
you when it it comes into
你它进入
view no very precisely uh as it enters
视野时不非常精确呃当它进入
the seeing part of your field and if I
观看时 你的视野的一部分，如果我把
just hold it over here and you look
它举到这里，你看
there you can't see anything no how
那里，你就看不到任何东西，
about now you're moving it up and down
现在你上下移动它，
but you're seeing it it's very easy for
但你看到了它，我很容易对
me to to say to you oh I saw that move
你说 哦，我看到
up Colin and as soon as I I say that
科林向上移动，一旦我说
you're going to say ah he can see no I
你会说啊，他可以看到不，我
can't okay let's see if we can just test
不行，让我们看看我们是否可以更
that a bit more formally what I'm going
正式地测试一下，我
to do is make uh squares that appear on
要做的是 制作出现在屏幕上的呃方块，
the screen and they will move either
它们会
upwards downwards or out to the right
向上向下或向右移动，
you got to keep looking at this point
你必须一直看着这一点，
all the time so it's in your blind
这样在你的盲
visual field that this is happening
视野中，这种情况就会发生在
where you're not supposed to be able to
你不应该出现的地方 能够
see anything at all but what I want you
看到任何东西，但我希望你
to do is just to guess what the
做的只是猜测
direction of motion might have been even
运动方向可能是什么，
though you can't see it I want you to
即使你看不到它我希望你
tell me each time whether you're aware
每次都告诉我你是否意识到
of anything having happened
发生了任何事情
okay down matter
好吧，不管在
where down not aware not only does
哪里，不知道
Graham see nothing on the blue side of
格雷厄姆不仅在屏幕的蓝色一侧看不到任何东西，
the screen he's not even aware of
他甚至不知道
anything happening there at all
那里发生了任何事情，
not sure if that one think it moved to
不确定那个人是否认为它
the
right yet miraculously he guesses the
向右移动，但奇迹般的是，他
direction of movement correctly if
正确地猜测了移动的方向 如果
there's one thing that this phenomenon
这种
of blindsight teaches us it is that
盲视现象告诉我们一件事，那就是
vision is not entirely seeing that there
视觉并不完全看到，
can be a disconnection from the capacity
to respond to visual
对视觉
information uh and the actual Act of
信息做出反应的能力和对某些
being visually aware of something those
东西进行视觉感知的实际行为可能是脱节的，这两
two things can be separated and probably
件事是可以分开的 可能
are in our everyday lives but the
在我们的日常生活中，但
problem is that obviously we're not
问题是，显然我们没有
aware are the things that we're not
意识到我们没有
aware of we just don't know the extent
意识到的事情，我们只是不知道
to which they play A
它们在多大程度上发挥了
Part toos of the patient is using ES he
患者正在使用 ES 的作用。
can see and yet cannot see so it's a
看得见，却看不见，所以这是一个
paradox it's almost like science fiction
悖论，就像科幻小说一样，
how is this possible well if you look at
这怎么可能呢？如果你看看
the anatomy you can begin to explain
解剖结构，你就可以开始解释
this curious syndrome it turns out from
这种奇怪的综合症，事实证明，从
the eyeball to the higher centers in the
眼球到
brain where you interpret the visual
你解释的大脑的高级中心 视觉
image there's not just one pathway there
图像不仅仅是一条通路，还有
are two separate Pathways which subserve
两条独立的通路，它们促进
different aspects of
vision one of these Pathways is the
视觉的不同方面，其中一条通路是
evolutionarily new pathway the more
进化上的新通路，
sophisticated pathway if you like that
如果您愿意的话，可以选择更复杂的通路，
goes from the eyeball through the
从眼球穿过
thalamus to the visual cortex of the
丘脑到达大脑的视觉皮层
brain now you need the visual cortex for
现在你需要视觉皮层来
consciously seeing
有意识地看到
something the other pathway which is
一些东西，另一条路径在
older evolutionarily and is more
进化上更古老，
prominent in animals like rodents lower
在啮齿类动物、低等
mammals birds and reptiles goes to the
哺乳动物、鸟类和爬行动物等动物中更为突出，它进入
brain stem the stock on which the brain
脑干
sits and from the brain stem gets
，大脑所在的股票最终从脑干得到中继
relayed eventually to the higher centers
到大脑的高级中心，
in the
brain specifically the older pathway
特别是穿过脑干的旧通路
going through the brain stem is
concerned with reflexive Behavior
与反射行为有关，
orienting to something important in the
定向于视野中的重要事物，
visual field making eye movements
进行眼球运动，
directing your gaze directing your head
引导您的目光，将您的头部指向
towards something
important in these patients one of these
这些患者中重要的事物，这些
Pathways alone is damaged visual cortex
通路之一是 受损的视觉皮层
is damaged and because that's gone the
被损坏，因为它消失了，
patient doesn't see anything consciously
患者有意识地看不到任何东西，
but the other pathway is still
但另一条通路仍然
intact and he can use that pathway to
完好无损，他可以使用该通路
guess correctly the direction of
正确猜测
movement of an object that he cannot
他看不到的物体的运动方向
see Graham often Likens his vision to
格雷厄姆经常将他的视力比作
that of reptiles whose dependence on
对于爬行动物来说，它们对
unconscious blindsight is powerful
无意识盲视的依赖是
evidence for them not having
它们没有
Consciousness a did it wants to catch a
意识的有力证据，它们是否想要抓住一只
f them doesn't actually have to see a
fly it doesn't have to recognize a fly
苍蝇，它们实际上并不需要看到一只苍蝇，它不需要识别一只苍蝇，
it just has to be aware of something
它只需要意识到一些东西
moving so if it can detect motion moving
移动，所以如果它能检测
to the right to the left very quickly it
到从右到左快速移动的运动，它
can catch its pray so to speak it can
就能捕捉到它的祈祷，可以这么说，它可以
eat and that's very much I guess what
吃东西，这就是我猜
blindsight is I'm aware of some of these
盲视是什么，我知道其中一些
more primitive functions but I don't
更原始的功能，但我不知道
actually say to a right so I suppose me
实际上并不是说正确，所以我想我
and the lizard a distant
和蜥蜴是远房
cousin one of the goals of Neuroscience
表亲，神经科学的目标之一
is to understand which parts of the
是了解大脑的哪些部分
brain are dedicated to what function how
专门负责什么功能，
different mental capacities map on to
不同的心理能力如何映射到
different Pathways and different neural
不同的路径和不同的神经
circuits in the brain and surely this
回路 当然，这种
fascinating syndrome is going to help us
令人着迷的综合症不仅会帮助我们理解
understand not only the nature of seeing
not only the division of labor between
these different Pathways but the
这些不同路径之间的分工的本质，而且会帮助我们理解什么
question of what is consciousness what
是意识的问题，有意识
does it mean to be consciously aware of
地意识到
something why is one pathway alone
某件事意味着什么，为什么是一条路径 独自
conscious but as the other pathway
有意识，但另一条通路
behaves like a zombie that's trapped
就像被困在他体内的僵尸一样，处于
inside him that's
unconscious the syndrome is so strange
无意识状态，这种综合症是如此奇怪，
that when it was initially reported
以至于最初报道时
people didn't believe it and there are
人们并不相信它，
some people who still don't believe it
有些人仍然不相信它，
but in a sense it's not that strange if
但在某种意义上 如果
you think about it because we all suffer
你仔细想想，这并不奇怪，因为我们都患有
from a form of blindsight in a sense we
某种形式的盲视，从某种意义上说，我们
experience blindsight all the time in
在日常生活中一直经历盲视，
our daily lives for example as I am
例如，当我
driving this car having this
驾驶这辆车进行
conversation all my attention is on the
对话时，我所有的注意力都集中在
conversation on the person next to me
对话上
and in fact I'm not conscious of what's
事实上，我并没有意识到
going on around me even though I'm
周围发生了什么，即使我正在
negotiating all this traffic avoiding
交通中避开
obstacles avoiding that car on my right
障碍物，避开我右边的汽车，
avoiding the car on my left that's all
避开我左边的汽车，这一切都是由
being done in parallel by another part
另一个人同时完成的 它是
of my brain and it never emerges into
我大脑的一部分，它永远不会出现在
conscious awareness unless something
意识中，除非
very strange happens like a big truck
发生非常奇怪的事情，比如一辆大卡车
passes by I might notice
经过，我可能会注意到
it blindsight enables us to steer our
它，盲视使我们能够
way successfully through the world as if
成功地穿越世界，就像
on
在
autopilot without this zombie in our
自动驾驶仪上一样，而我们大脑中的僵尸不会
brains acting on our behalf the world
对我们起作用。 代表世界
would be a treacherous place to move
将是一个危险的地方，
around in
因为
our dependence on blindsight is
我们对盲视的依赖
distressingly apparent in a condition
在一种称为视觉忽视的情况下非常明显，
called visual neglect caused when the
当
brain's blindsight pathway is damaged
大脑的盲视通路受损时，
visual neglect is the opposite of
视觉忽视与
Graham's blindness patients can still
格雷厄姆失明相反，患者仍然可以
see but space on one side has become
看到东西，但一侧有空间
strangely irrelevant to them it's as if
奇怪的是，他们已经变得无关紧要了，就好像
half the visual world no longer counted
视觉世界的一半不再被计算在内。
Rama chandron is a visiting neurologist
拉玛·钱德隆是圣地亚哥康复研究所的一名客座神经科医生，
at the San Diego rehabilitation
institute where he recently encountered
他最近在那里遇到了
bill
比尔·斯顿，
ston you know we married quite
你知道我们突然结婚了
suddenly three dates and he says I'm
三个约会对象，他说我
going my ship is going to San Francisco
要去我的 船要开往旧金山，
would you like to come over there I said
你愿意过来吗？我说
definitely not he says well would you
绝对不，他说好吧，你
like to get married I said sure and he
想结婚吗？我说当然，他
says pick a day we're both sitting there
说选一天，我们俩坐在那里
just kidding and I said uh how about the
开玩笑，我说呃，怎么样？
14th of May is this
5 月 14 日，这
okay age 70 Bill ston suffered a massive
还好，70 岁的比尔·斯顿遭遇了严重
stroke that left him totally paralyzed
中风，导致他左侧完全瘫痪
on his left side and oblivious to events
，对左侧发生的事情浑然不觉。
on his
left I mean if somebody had seen him
我的意思是，如果有人在中风后立即看到他，我的
right after the
stroke I mean I was in a
意思是，我很
shock he was listless his eyes stayed
震惊，他 无精打采，他的眼睛
closed for 3 4 days he you know we'd go
闭上了三四天，他你知道我们会去
in there and make jokes and open his
那里开玩笑，打开他的
thigh and The Strokes or something else
大腿和The Strokes或其他东西，
they're different they're different
他们是不同的，他们是不同的
you're you're you're you're you're ears
你是你是你是你” 如果你的耳朵
curl up your eyes got all crooked your
卷起来，你的眼睛变得歪了，你的
nose gets crooked everything's turned
鼻子变得歪了，一切都像
twisted like a
pretel the clue to Bill's Twisted World
预告片一样扭曲了，比尔扭曲世界的线索
lies in his right parietal lobe which
就在他的右顶叶，这
was the epicenter of his stroke you lose
是他中风的中心，你失去了
your balance
平衡，
the parial loes are concerned mainly
侧叶有关 主要
with creating a three-dimensional
是创建世界
representation of the spatial layout of
空间布局的三维表示，
the world allowing a person to walk
允许一个人
around to navigate to avoid bumping into
四处走动导航以避免撞到
things when the right parietal is
东西，当右顶骨
damaged the patient is unable to deal
受损时，患者无法处理
with the left side of the world there is
世界的左侧，有
an indifference to the left side of the
一个 对世界左侧的冷漠
world
this condition has fascinated
这种情况让神经学家着迷了
neurologists for almost a century
近一个世纪，
because it offers Clues as to how the
因为它提供了大脑如何
brain makes us conscious of
使我们意识到
Space Mr ston Dr ramach chandron again
太空的线索 斯顿先生 拉马赫·钱德伦博士 再次
I'm back you remember me right yeah yeah
我回来了，你还记得我，是的，
I just have a couple of questions for
我只是有 有几个问题要问
you all right a simple test confirms
你，好吧，一个简单的测试证实了
that Mr ston has
斯顿先生
neglect so I want you to look at my
疏忽了，所以​​我希望你在
finger as I move it
我移动手指时看着我的手指，
okay it's sliding along in a level plane
好吧，它在水平面上滑动，
okay move your head follow it okay
好吧，移动你的头，跟随它，好吧，
follow the
跟随
finger looks like it's going west okay
手指看起来像 它正在向西走 好吧
going west okay keep looking Bill
向西走 好吧继续看 比尔
follows ramachandran's finger to the
跟随拉马钱德兰的手指到
midline but loses track of it once it
中线，但一旦
reaches his left side look at it
到达他的左侧就失去了踪迹 再看一遍
again okay when you shake the finger
好吧，当你摇动手指时
yeah when you check to see if I'm seeing
是的，当你检查我是否看到时
or not mhm
嗯，
you see I'm not seeing it mhm I think
你看，我没有看到它 嗯，我想
I'm probably seeing it but I'm just not
我可能看到了，但我只是没有
uh registering it registering it mhm
嗯 注册它 注册它 嗯，
neglect is defined as a complete
忽视被定义为对
indifference uh to the left side of the
世界左侧的完全冷漠 呃，
world caused by damage to the right side
由于对世界的损害而造成
of the brain typically the right
大脑的右侧通常是
parietal lobe of the brain but the
大脑的右顶叶，但
patient typically ignores everything on
患者通常会忽略左侧的所有内容，
the left unless his attention is drawn
除非他的注意力被吸引
to it hello sir and then suddenly he
到它，你好先生，然后突然他
starts seeing it I ask for you okay and
开始看到它，我问你好吗，
this is important because it implies
这很重要，因为它意味着
that the sensory pathways are intact
感觉通路完好无损，
it's not as though he's blind on the
并不是说他左侧失明，只是
left it's just that he's indifferent or
他漠不关心，或者
doesn't notice what's on the left side
没有注意到左侧有什么，
and
并且
swallow in most cases neglect only lasts
在大多数情况下吞咽了，忽视只会持续
for a few months but for the moment bill
几个月，但目前比尔并
doesn't register his lunch if it's on
没有 如果他的午餐在
the left even when it's under his nose
左边，即使它在他的鼻子下，也要登记他的午餐是的，
yeah come on I think neglect is
来吧，我认为忽视很
fascinating
有趣，
because we used to think it's simply an
因为我们过去认为这只是一种
attention deficit that the patient's not
注意力缺陷，病人没有
paying attention on the left side what's
注意左边，对
interesting to me is that it seems to be
我来说有趣的是，它似乎
a complete annihilation of the left side
彻底消灭
of the world as though it left doesn't
世界的左侧，就好像它不
exist at least in some
存在一样，至少在某些
patients this annihilation of the left
病人身上这种左侧的消灭
side reaches into the deepest parts of
到达了心灵的最深处
Mind One morning 10 years ago Peggy was
十年前的一个早晨，佩吉
bending over to open a drawer when she
弯下腰去打开 当她
suddenly keeled
突然
over Peggy had had a massive stroke just
倒下时，佩吉像比尔一样中风了，
like Bill and when she came around the
当她醒来时，
left side of her visual world had
她的视觉世界的左侧
vanished
too what more can you wish for sadly
也消失了，你还能希望什么，可悲的是，
Peggy's neglect seems to be permanent
佩吉的忽视似乎是永久性的，
but this has given scientists the chance
但这给了科学家们 当我们要求她从记忆中画出这朵雏菊时，她有机会
to study it in
detail the extent of her loss was
详细研究它，她的损失的程度是
vividly apparent when we asked her to
显而易见的，它
draw this Daisy from
memory a daisy it shall
be it drives me
会让我
crackers I go mad don't I dere was Derek
发疯，我疯了，难道德里克·
Peggy is in a permanent Corridor
佩吉在一个永久的走廊里吗？
which she can't get out
她无法离开
of there is only a right side everything
那里，只有右侧，一切都
has approach approached from a right
从右侧接近，
hand side she gets into this uh area of
她进入了无人区的这个呃区域，
No Man's Land it's walking into space
它正在进入太空，无
a bottomless pit is like a radar system
底坑就像一个雷达系统，
whereby the actual radar system on the
实际的雷达系统在
left hand side is no longer working
well if someone comes in on my left hand
如果现在有人从我的左手边进来
side now or I hear a sound my eyes will
或者我听到声音，我的眼睛会
immediately move to the left hand side
立即移到左手边，
that makes me for evolutionary purposes
这使我出于进化的目的
very aware of my environment because if
非常了解我的环境，因为如果
I wasn't aware of those things out of
我不这样做，左手边就不再工作了 由于事故我不会意识到这些事情
accidents I get hurt or I might get
我会受伤或者我可能会被
eaten by wild animals and
野生动物吃掉等等，
whatever now in case that monitoring on
以防万一左侧的监控
the left hand side has been damaged and
已损坏，
therefore she will not attend to those
因此她不会关注那些
things that we would normally be aware
我们通常会意识到
of oh dear so what Peggy's drawn for us
的事情 哦，天哪，佩吉为我们画的
is several nice daisies with the left
是几朵漂亮的雏菊，
side missing same with this one and this
左边缺少了与这朵相同的雏菊，
one look at this one this is a very good
看看这个，这是一个很好的
example
例子，
I've done it on all of
我在所有雏菊上都画了这
them which means she's not only
意味着她不仅
neglecting events in the world in the
忽视了事件 在现实世界中的世界中，
real world but when she conjures up a
但是当她召唤出一个
mental image ignoring the left side of
心理图像而忽略
that mental image and this shows you
该心理图像的左侧时，这表明
that this is not simply a sensory
这不仅仅是一个感官
problem but a problem of
问题，而是一个
Consciousness I don't know it's cuz I
意识问题，我不知道这是因为我
was so concentrating on that side it
是如此 专注于那一侧，它
takes everything away you see and that
会带走你所看到的一切，而那
side's not there if I take everything
一侧不存在，如果我把一切
away from that on this side it's not
从这一边拿走，它不在
there it takes it all away it's odd it's
那里，它会带走一切，很奇怪，这
all it is is attention really it's
就是注意力，真的，它正在
taking it's taken away this there must
带走，它被带走了，这一定是
be two attentions somewhere in your body
是你身体某处的两个注意力，
that one side's taking the other one
一侧正在带走另一侧，
away I can't make it out at all very
我根本看不出来，非常
odd Peggy's one-sided daises graphically
奇怪，佩吉单侧的雏菊形象地
reveal how conscious ious is a construct
揭示了意识是如何构成
of brain activity and how severely it
大脑活动的，以及它
can be distorted by a stroke this
可以被严重扭曲的程度。 这种意识扭曲
Distortion of Consciousness is even more
apparent in Bill ston who has a very
在比尔·斯顿身上表现得更加明显，他与[音乐]镜子有着非常
unusual relationship with
不寻常的关系，
mirrors bizarrely Bill staton's stroke
奇怪的是比尔·斯顿的中风
has affected his knowledge of the way
影响了他对镜子工作方式的了解
mirrors work
we take mirrors for granted but think of
我们认为镜子是理所当然的，但想想它是
what it involves you look at a
什么 涉及到你看着
reflection in a mirror you recognize
镜子中的倒影，你立即认出
instantly that it's a reflection and uh
这是一个倒影，呃，
even a 5-year-old child is able to do
即使是一个 5 岁的孩子也能做到
this Jia what do you see what is this a
这一点，贾，你看到了什么，这是什么
mirror okay and what do you see in the
镜子，好吧，你在镜子里看到了什么
mirror Mommy okay what's he holding a
妈妈，好吧，他拿着什么
squid a squid okay can you reach out and
鱿鱼，鱿鱼，好吧，你能伸出手去
grab the
抓住
squid very good now why did you why did
鱿鱼吗，现在很好，为什么你为什么
you reach out there why did you not
伸出手，为什么你不把手
reach into the mirror because it's a
伸进镜子，因为它是一面
mirror because it's a mirror okay very
镜子，因为它是一面镜子，
good now our ability to deal with
现在很好 我们处理
mirrors seems so effortless but think of
镜子的能力似乎毫不费力，但想想
what it involves I mean you looking at a
它涉及什么我的意思是，你看着
mirror and you're looking at a
镜子，你正在看一个
reflection and instantly the brain
反射，大脑立即
correctly deduces that the object
正确地推断出
producing the reflection
产生反射的物体
must be out
一定在
here and this peculiar juter position of
这里，而这个特殊的黄光
the real object and its mirror twin so
真实物体及其镜像双胞胎的位置
to speak you might think would involve
可以这么说，您可能会认为会涉及
the parietal loes given the uh known
顶叶，因为
role of the parial loes in dealing with
顶叶在处理
spatial aspects of the world so the
世界空间方面的作用众所周知，所以
question is what would happen if the
问题是如果
parial loes are damaged in a patient
顶叶被损坏会发生什么 在一个
with damage to the parietal loes you
顶叶受损的病人中，你
might expect to see problems in dealing
可能会
with mirrors
in this simple experiment Bill sees a
在这个简单的实验中看到处理镜子的问题，比尔看到了
reflection of a key that is being held
on his neglected left
他被忽视的
side okay can you grab it
左侧持有的一把钥匙的反射，好吧，你能抓住它吗，是
yeah where do you think the key
的，你认为在哪里 关键
is you can hear in his hand but this is
是你可以听到他手上的声音，但这是
a reflection
一个反射，
okay yeah where is the actual key what
好吧，是的，真正的关键在哪里，
some of these patients do not all of
这些患者中的一些人并不全部
them is they keep reaching into the
是，他们不断把手伸进
mirror for the object and often
镜子寻找物体，经常
confusing the reflection for the real
将反射与真实
object okay try try and reach it
物体混淆，好吧 尝试再尝试一次，
again okay that's all right thank you
好吧，没关系，非常感谢，
much so what's going on
所以这里发生了什么，
here remember in these patients there is
请记住，这些患者对
a complete indifference to the left side
of the world you're not noticing
世界的左侧完全漠不关心，您没有注意到
anything on the left but they're now
左侧的任何东西，但他们现在
seeing a reflection of the left inside
看到了 左边在镜子里的反射
the mirror so the brain says now that's
所以大脑现在说这是一个
a reflection so that object must be on
反射所以那个物体一定在
my left but on my planet left doesn't
我的左边但是在我的星球上左边不
exist therefore this pen must be in side
存在因此这支笔一定在
of the mirror however strange that might
镜子的一边不管这
seem to all of you chaps and he starts
看起来多么奇怪 你们这些家伙，他开始把手
reaching into the mirror or behind it
伸进镜子或镜子后面，
typically okay I'm holding okay one more
通常好吧，我再进行一次
test next the mirror is moved in front
测试，接下来镜子移到
of Mr ston the key is still behind him
斯顿先生前面，钥匙仍然在他身后，
but this time it is held on his un
但这次钥匙放在他未被
neglected right side will he make the
忽视的右侧 他会犯
same mistake Dr Al are holding the key
同样的错误吗？阿尔博士拿着钥匙是的，
yeah okay where is the
钥匙在哪里，
key okay can you grab
你能抓住
it no because I only see I'm not looking
它吗？不，因为我只看到我没有在看
at the real key I'm looking at a
真正的钥匙，我正在看
reflection okay now where is the real
倒影，好吧，现在钥匙在哪里？ 真正的
key can you grab the real key okay
钥匙 你能抓住真正的钥匙吗 好吧
excellent very good excellent
非常好 非常好
excellent now you notice what he did
非常好 现在你注意到他在这里做了什么，
here despite initial hesitation he went
尽管最初犹豫了，他
straight for the object behind him and
径直走向他身后的物体并
grabbed it correctly this shows very
正确抓住了它，这非常
clearly that he has no problems with
清楚地表明他在
dealing with space dealing with mirrors
处理空间处理方面没有任何问题 镜子
dealing with reflection so long as the
处理反射，只要
mirror is in the front but when you put
镜子在前面，但当你把
it on the side it flips him into the
它放在侧面时，它会将他翻转到
Twilight light zone and instantly
暮光区，并立即
reaches for it incorrectly will you help
错误地伸手去拿它，你能帮
me a little bit okay stretch a little
我一点吗？
bit in other words even the patient's
甚至病人的
knowledge abstract theoretical knowledge
知识，
about what mirrors can do his knowledge
关于镜子能做什么的抽象理论知识，他
about the laws of Optics have been
关于光学定律的知识也被
warped to accomodate the strange new
扭曲，以适应他所居住的奇怪的新
sensory world that he
感官世界，
inhabits and this is profound
这
implications for understanding the
对于理解
manner in which the brain deals with
大脑处理空间的方式具有深远的意义。
space
I'm here in this Grove of trees and
我在这片树林里，
assume this is the real world around me
假设这是我周围的真实世界
and of course it is the real
，当然这是真实
world but my experience of the real
世界，但我对真实
world of the spatial layout of the world
世界的空间布局的体验
is dependent on the activity of the
取决于
parial loes occasionally stroke damage
局部黄土偶尔抚摸的活动 当右顶叶受损时，对某些患者来说，
to the parietal loes can wreak even more
顶叶的损伤可能比忽视造成更大的破坏，
Havoc than
neglect now in some of these patients
when the right parietal is damaged not
only is there an indifference to the
不仅对
left side of the world but also an
左侧的世界漠不关心，而且对
indifference to the left side of the
身体的左侧也漠不关心。
body so much so they'll start denying
所以他们会开始否认
that the left hand is paralyzed even
左手瘫痪，
though it's obviously lifeless and
即使它显然没有生命并且
paralyzed and lying on their lap they'll
瘫痪并躺在他们的腿上他们会
say doctor my left hand is not
说医生我的左手没有
paralyzed this surreal complication is
瘫痪这种超现实的并发症被
called anosognosia which literally means
称为失认症，字面意思是
denial of
否认
illness in addition to his neglect bill
疾病除了 他的忽视 比尔·
ston has
斯顿患有
anosognosia anosognosia damages that
失认症 失认症损害了我们
unique aspect of Consciousness that we
call the self patients may become wildly
称之为自我的意识的独特方面 患者可能会对
deluded about their abilities and even
自己的能力产生疯狂的迷惑，甚至
deny that parts of their own body belong
否认自己身体的某些部分属于
to
them ramach chandron believes that
他们 拉马赫·钱德伦认为，
anosognosia reveals how the capacity to
失认症揭示了
deceive ourselves and others may have
我们如何欺骗自己的能力 其他人可能已经
evolved in all our brains
在我们所有的大脑中进化了
Mr Satan I'm back again Dr ramachandran
撒旦先生我又回来了拉马钱德兰博士
I have a couple of questions for you can
我有几个问题要问你你
you use both your hands yeah yeah you
能用你的双手吗是的你
can use both your hands
可以用你的双手
okay can you
好吗你可以
clamp
夹住
yeah okay all right that's fine there's
是的好吧都 右边，没关系，
not the slightest flicker of movement in
his left hand or his left leg but you
他的左手或左腿没有丝毫闪烁，但你
ask him can he use his hand he says yes
问他可以用他的手吗，他说可以，
or he'll say my left hand is slightly
否则他会说我的左手
weaker ask him can you clamp he vly says
稍弱，问他你能夹住吗，他说
yes and he starts flailing his arm in
可以 他开始挥动手臂，
fact patting his chest as though he was
实际上拍着他的胸部，就好像他
clapping now patients with left
现在正在鼓掌一样，左半球
hemisphere damage whose right hand is
受损且右手
paralyzed or indeed a majority of
瘫痪的患者，或者事实上，大多数
patients with right hemisphere damage
右半球受损
and left arm is paralyzed will not do
且左臂瘫痪的患者不会这样做，
this they'll say I can't clap doctor my
他们会说 我不能鼓掌医生，我的
left arm is paralyzed that's the natural
左臂瘫痪了，这是
response that you expect but these
你所期望的自然反应，但是这些患有
patients with this extraordinary
这种特殊综合症的患者，我们
syndrome which we call anosognosia where
称之为失认症，
the patient is denying or playing down
患者否认或淡化
the fact that the left arm is paralyzed
左臂瘫痪的事实，
okay can you show me can you touch my
好吗，你能告诉我吗？ 你能用
nose with your right hand touch my nose
你的右手摸我的鼻子吗 摸我的鼻子
excellent now can you do it with your
太棒了 现在你可以用你的
left hand please I think so okay can you
左手做吗 我想可以 你可以帮
do it for me I'll try okay that's fine
我做吗 我会尝试 好吧 没关系
are you doing it wait a
你做吗 等一下
minute I'm calling up my left hand
我 呼唤我的左手
you're calling it up okay get in there
你正在呼唤它 好吧，进去吧
okay all right is it now is it touching
好吧，现在它在碰
my left no my nose yeah I'm still
我的左手 不，我的鼻子 是的，我还在和
talking to it I'm you're still talking
它说话 我你还在和
to it explaining to it what to do you're
它说话，向它解释 该怎么做 你正在
explaining to it what to do okay is it
向它解释该怎么做 好吧 它在
listening yes yes okay but it's reacting
听 是 是 好吧 但它反应很
slowly it's reacting slowly okay it's
慢 它反应很慢 好吧 它
tired I think it's tired okay thank you
累了 我想它累了 好吧 非常感谢
much many of these patients the remarks
这些患者中的许多人
they make to account for the left hand's
他们为解释这一问题而发表的言论 左手
failure to perform the statements they
无法执行他们
make often sound a little bit humorous
所做的陈述，通常听起来有点幽默，
often tinged with a perverse sense of
常常带有一种反常的
humor and you start wondering about some
幽默感，你开始怀疑
of Freud's ideas about humor itself
弗洛伊德关于幽默本身
being used as a defense mechanism is
被用作防御机制的一些想法，
that what the patient
患者
doing Ella Sinclair is another stroke
所做的艾拉·辛克莱是 另一位
victim with a paralyzed left
左侧瘫痪的中风患者，
side she also has Anna sosia and she too
她也有安娜索西亚，她
seems to use humor to deny her
似乎也用幽默来否认她的
paralysis now you remember when I first
瘫痪现在你还记得我第一次
saw you I was asking you whether you
见到你时我问你是否
could use your left hand what did you
可以用你的左手
tell me then I think I told you yes you
然后你告诉我了什么 我想我告诉过你是的，你
told me yes you could use it but I lied
告诉过我是的，你可以使用它，但我撒了谎，
you lied well why did you lie to me I
你撒得很好，你为什么要对我撒谎，我
don't know you wasn't smiling at me I
不知道你没有对我微笑，我
guess because I was smiling at you you
猜是因为我对你微笑，你
were not I was not smiling at you okay
不是我 没有对你微笑，好吧，
so that's why you were lying okay but
所以这就是你撒谎的原因，好吧，但
you remember you said that several times
你记得你说过，有好几次
I kept asking you and you always said
我一直问你，你总是说
you could use your left hand fine that
你可以用你的左手，好吧，
there was no problem I had my stroke I
没问题，我中风了，我
could but I can't now you can't
可以，但我不能'
now one of Mrs Sinclair's comments was
辛克莱夫人的其中一条评论是
so odd that it was hard to know whether
如此奇怪，以至于很难知道
she was joking or not
她是否在开玩笑。
the other striking thing we saw in Mrs
Sinclair when we held her right hand up
当我们举起辛克莱夫人的右手
to her and asked her whose hand is this
并问她是谁的手时，我们在辛克莱夫人身上看到了另一件引人注目的事情 是这个吗？
she said it's my hand when I held her
当我把她的
left hand up in front of her she said
左手举到她面前时，她说这是我的手，她说
that's my husband's hand and she
那是我丈夫的手，她
remembers vividly seeing her husband's
清楚地记得看到她丈夫的
hand do you remember at that time I
手，你还记得吗，当时我向你
showed you your hand did I show you
展示了你的手，我向你展示了
anybody else's
其他人的
hand yeah you showed it my husband's
手吗？ 是的，你展示了我丈夫的
hand I showed you your husband's hand
手，我展示了你丈夫的手，
you you remember that clearly do you
你记得清楚吗？是
yeah okay I've been living with 27 years
的，我已经和他一起生活了27年了，
I know where his hand you know where his
我知道他的手在哪里，你知道他的
hand is you've been with him for so many
手在哪里，你已经和他在一起这么多年了
years that's true
多年来，这是真的，
yes we never showed her her husband's
是的，我们从未向她展示过她丈夫的
hand in fact he was not even in the
手，事实上，他现在甚至不在房间里，
room now to understand what's going on
要了解
in these patients you have to look at
这些患者发生了什么，你必须观察
the left and right cerebral hemispheres
of the
brain now everyone realizes of course
大脑的左右大脑半球，现在每个人都意识到 当然，
that there's specialization the left
左半球
hemisphere is specialized for language
是专门负责语言的，
and the right hemisphere is thought to
而右半球被认为
be be specialized for um seeing faces
是专门负责看脸、
seeing facial expression and to some
看面部表情以及在某种程度上
extent for
负责
emotions but I think there's an even
情绪的，但我认为这两个大脑半球之间存在更
more fundamental distinction between the
根本的区别，
two cerebral hemispheres and that might
可能
help explain this peculiar syndrome
有助于解释
you're seeing in these
你在这些患者身上看到的这种特殊综合症，
patients there is a tremendous need in
each one of us to create a coherent
我们每个人都非常需要建立一个连贯的
belief system to maintain a sense of
信念体系，以保持
continuity uh to our own lives and this
我们自己生活的连续性，而这主要
is done largely by the left hemisphere
是由左半球完成的
this creation of a belief system and
创建一个信仰体系，
when there are new experiences the left
当有新的经历时，
hemisphere Falls these experiences into
左半球会将这些经历归入
the pre-existing belief
先前存在的信仰
system if something doesn't quite fit
体系，如果某些东西不太适合
the story the strategy of the left
故事，左半球的策略
hemisphere is to deny the anomaly is to
是否认异常，
pretend it doesn't exist is to brush it
假装它不适合。 存在就是把它刷到
under the carpet and this is what we
地毯下，这就是我们
call
所说的
denial now counterbalancing this is the
否认，现在平衡这是
right hemisphere which has the opposite
右半球，具有相反的
tendency whereas the left hemisphere
趋势，而左半球
tries to preserve the model preserve the
试图保留模型，保留
belief system preserve status quo the
信仰体系，维持现状，
right hemisphere is your Devil's
右半球是你的魔鬼
Advocate constantly challenging the
提倡不断挑战
status quo and when the discrepancy or
现状，当差异或
an normaly becomes unbearably large or
正常情况变得难以忍受或
becomes too large then the right
变得太大时，右
hemisphere forces a complete Revision in
半球会迫使你
your worldview in your belief system now
在你的信仰体系中彻底修正你的世界观，现在
what has happened in these patients is
这些患者身上发生的事情是
the left hemisphere is intact so it's
左半球完好无损，所以它是
engaging in denial as it does in normal
像正常人一样进行否认，
people but she doesn't have a
但她没有
counterbalance there's no right
平衡能力，没有右
hemisphere challenging the story doing a
半球挑战这个故事，进行
reality check and therefore they become
现实检查，因此他们变得
more and more deeply delusional and in
越来越深的妄想，
fact there is no limit to the delusions
事实上，你可以做出的妄想是没有限制的。
that you can elicit including a claim
引诱包括声称
that her arm belongs to her husband or
她的手臂属于她的丈夫，或者
saying yes I can see my finger touch
说是的，我可以看到我的手指触摸
你的
nose ramach chandron has found support
鼻子拉玛克·钱德伦已经从进化生物学家罗伯特·特里尔斯那里找到了
for this radical Theory from
对这一激进理论的支持，
evolutionary biologist Robert triers who
他
is a world Authority on self-deception
是自欺欺人
and lying to me what's striking about
和对我撒谎的世界权威
Ram chand's work is that he's located a
Ram Chand 的工作引人注目的是，他在大脑中的特定位置定位了一种特殊的
particular kind of self decep C in a
自欺欺人 C，其
particular place in the brain with the
pleasing um
令人愉快的
implication that the two hemispheres May
暗示是，两个半球
normally act together in a way where one
通常可能以一种
is tending to generate more
倾向于产生更多
self-deception the other tending to
自欺欺人的方式一起行动。 其他人倾向于
correct for it and with anosia you get
纠正它，患有厌食症，你会得到
the self-deception unchecked by the
自我欺骗，不受
parallel
平行
hemisphere I was walking what is
半球的限制，我正在行走，令人
striking is how blatant and obvious the
震惊的是，他们的自欺欺人是多么公然和明显，
self-deception is they deny the very
他们否认
condition that they express when the
中风发生时他们所表达的情况，
stroke occurred could you use it now one
你能吗？ 现在用它来
way to think about inos agnosia is to
思考失认症的一种方法是
realize that what the patient is doing
认识到病人所做的
is engaging in precisely the kinds of
正是
denials and confabulations and
rationalizations that we all engage in I
我们所有人都参与的否认、虚构和合理化我
did not have sexual relations with that
并没有与那个女人发生性关系，
woman it was Freud who first pointed out
是弗洛伊德第一个 指出
that we use all these mental tricks to
我们使用所有这些心理技巧来
defend the ego as he said when we are
捍卫自我，正如他所说，当我们遇到
confronted with something that's
unpleasant or threatening to your
不愉快或威胁到你的
self-esteem you need to lie listen to me
自尊的事情时，你需要撒谎，听我说，
I'm going to say this again I did not
我要再说一遍，我
have the trouble is the emotional
没有 问题是
centers of your brain cannot conceal the
你大脑的情感中心无法掩盖这样一个
fact that you're not speaking the truth
事实：你没有说真话，
and your face starts leaking traces of
你的脸上开始流露出欺骗的痕迹，
Deceit so anybody Watching You the
所以任何人看着你时，
muscles are slightly different when
you're lying different on each side of
你脸两侧的躺姿不同时，肌肉都会略有不同
the face reflecting the complimentary
反映了
roles of each side of the
大脑每一侧的互补作用，
brain and it's almost humorous if you
如果你
put a false expression on your face a
在脸上做出虚假的表情，
forced smile it will tend to curl up a
强颜欢笑，它会倾向于
bit more on the right side of the face
在脸的右侧卷曲一些，
cuz it's being run by the left
因为它是由左半球运行的
hemisphere the right hemisphere is more
右半球更多地
involved in a natural facial expression
参与自然的面部表情，
so if I could smile warmly at you now
所以如果我现在可以对你热情地微笑，
it's supposed to curl up a bit more on
它应该在左侧卷曲一些，
the left side cuz it's supposed to be
因为它应该由
run by the right brain you know I I have
右脑运行，你知道我我已经
uh acknowledged that I made a mistake
呃承认我 说错了，
said that I it was interesting to me
我觉得有趣的是，
that President Clinton when he came out
克林顿总统出来
and started
并开始
apologizing initially there was a facial
道歉时，最初面部
imbalance the right face was into it the
不平衡，右脸陷入其中，
left face said get me the hell out of
左脸说让我离开
here then he goes before ministers and
这里，然后他走到部长们面前，
says there's no simple way of saying
说没有简单的方法可以说
I've sinned and after I testified I both
我犯了罪，在我作证后，我的
faces were now into the latest show I
两张脸现在都进入了最新的节目，我
don't think there is a fancy way to say
不认为有一种奇特的方法可以说
that I have
我犯了
[音乐]的
sinned the bizarre syndrome of anosia I
罪，我认为是奇怪的综合症
think gives you an experimental lever to
为你提供了一个实验杠杆来
understand these very fundamental
理解人性的这些非常基本的
aspects of human nature the consistency
方面
of beliefs that we hold about the world
我们对世界所持有的信念的一致性
is something we take for granted it's
是我们理所当然的它是
the basis of a rational San existence
理性桑存在的基础
even that is called into question in
即使在这些患者中受到质疑
these patients you cannot talk to a
你也不能谈论 对于一位患有
patient who has the syndrome of
anosognosia somebody who's perfectly
失认症的病人，一个非常
lucid and intelligent telling you that
清醒和聪明的人告诉你，
this arm belongs to her husband you
这只手臂属于她的丈夫，你
cannot confront to patient and not come
不能面对病人，也不能不面对
face to face with some of the basic
一些基本的
questions in philosophy some of the most
哲学问题，一些
fundamental questions you can ask
最基本的问题，你不能面对病人。 可以问
yourself as a conscious human being what
自己作为一个有意识的人，什么
is the self what is a belief what do you
是自我，什么是信仰，你
mean by willing and action what brings
所说的意愿和行动是什么意思，是什么
about the unity of your conscious
带来了你的意识体验的统一，令
experience the exciting thing for me is
我兴奋的是，
that scientists can now begin to raise
科学家现在可以开始提出
and answer some of these lofty questions
并回答一些问题。 这些
about how the brain generates conscious
关于大脑如何产生意识
experience and generates your sense of
体验并产生
self wouldn't it be exciting if all this
自我意识的崇高问题，如果这一切
happened in our lifetime that
发生在我们的一生中，
Consciousness finally OD
意识终于 OD
itself now the other day I was flying
本身，那不是很令人兴奋吗？
back from San Francisco go to San Diego
圣地亚哥
and I was sitting next to a priest in
和我在飞机上坐在一位牧师旁边，
the plane and he asked me what do I do
他问我以什么
for a living and I said well I study
为生，我说得好，我研究
Vision I study perception how the brain
视觉，我研究感知，大脑如何
perceives the world and he said well
感知世界，他说得好，有
what's there to study and I said well
什么可研究的，我 说得好，
what do you think goes on in my brain
when I look at any
当我看着任何
object Dr villan ramachandran is one of
物体时，你认为我的大脑会发生什么维拉·拉马钱德兰博士是
the world's leading brain scientists he
was born in India but his fascination
出生在印度，但他
with the human mind drew him to Britain
对人类思维的迷恋吸引他到英国
to study the brain
研究大脑，
and then to the world Mecca of
然后 加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥是世界神经科学的圣地，
Neuroscience San Diego California where
today he's at the Forefront of those
今天他站在
tackling one of science's ultimate
解决科学终极挑战之一的最前沿，
challenges the mystery of how the human
brain works in this program he
在这个项目中，他研究了人类大脑如何工作的奥秘，他
investigates three bizarre disorders of
研究了人类视觉的三种奇怪的疾病，这些疾病将
human Vision that take him from the
他从
Consulting room to the outer limits of
咨询室带到了 大脑科学的外部极限
brain
science Plum Cherry banana
梅子樱桃香蕉
I believe it's it's a banana no no it's
我相信它是香蕉 不不这不是
not banana
香蕉
no philli has a problem with the part of
菲利的
his brain that deals with
大脑处理
recognition well-known
识别的部分有问题 众所周知的
personality I don't know there's nothing
个性 我不知道
much wrong with his eyes it's just that
他的身体没有什么问题 眼睛只是
he often doesn't know who or what he is
他常常不知道自己在看谁或在看什么
looking
at I don't know I haven't got a
我不知道我没有任何
clue David's vision problem is is even
线索大卫的视力问题甚至
Stranger Than Phillips although he
比菲利普斯还陌生，尽管他
recognizes the people he knows they
认出了那些他认识但他们
don't feel familiar to him this leads
感觉不到的人 他很熟悉，这让
him to think that the man who looks like
他认为那个看起来像
his father is in fact an impostor
他父亲的人实际上是一个冒充他
pretending to be his
father he can look like my father but
父亲的冒名顶替者，他可以看起来像我父亲，但
the fact is that it doesn't feel like
事实是，感觉不像
him because I know it's not
他，因为我知道那不是
him it can look identical to him exactly
他 它看起来可能与他一模一样，
like him but it's not
但当
him when ramachandran encounters strange
拉马钱德兰遇到
stories like these he is both a doctor
这样的奇怪故事时，那不是他，他既是一名
there to help but also a detective on
提供帮助的医生，也是一名侦探，
the lookout for clues that might explain
寻找可能解释
the brain science behind such weird
这些奇怪经历背后的脑科学的线索，
experiences so thank you very much for
所以谢谢你 非常感谢
coming by today okay
今天的到来，好吧
here John is epileptic frequent seizures
约翰患有癫痫症，
in his brain invest everything he looks
他的大脑经常癫痫发作，他所看到的一切都具有
at with overwhelming significance
压倒性的意义，
sometimes he even has visions and
有时他甚至有异象并
believes that he is
相信他是
God I am so blessed I get to see your
上帝我很幸运我能看到你的
Glimpse people say no you can't see into
一瞥人们说 不，你看不到
the future uh-uh but you have to you
未来，呃，呃，但你必须
feel that's what that gift is man I see
感觉这就是那份礼物，伙计，我明白了，
okay that's what that gift is but you
这就是那份礼物，但你
got to pay for it you got to pay for it
必须为此付出代价，你必须
by flopping around and getting slammed
通过翻来覆去并得到它来付出代价
around John philli and David have all
约翰·菲利和大卫的
suffered damage to a region of the brain
大脑中
just behind the temples called the
位于太阳穴后面的一个区域（称为
temporal
loes for ramachandran disorders of the
颞叶）受到了损伤，颞叶的拉马钱德兰疾病
temporal loes not only shed light on how
不仅揭示了
the normal brain works they also enable
正常大脑的工作方式，还使
us to Grapple with questions that have
我们能够解决以下问题：
puzzled philosophers since the dawn of
自历史诞生以来，一些终极问题就一直困扰着哲学家，
History ultimate questions like how we
比如我们如何
come by knowledge of the
获得关于世界的知识，
world what is it about the particular
beauty of a face and even the question
一张脸的特殊美丽是什么，甚至是
of why we are all prone to religious
为什么我们都容易产生宗教
feelings but the Story begins with the
情感的问题，但故事开始于
eyes and the Very earliest stages of
眼睛和视觉的最早阶段
seeing when I was a medical student I
当我还是一名医科学生时，我
was taught there's an area in the back
被告知大脑后部有一个区域
of the brain called visual cortex and
称为视觉皮层，
that's where seeing takes place but
这就是视觉发生的地方，但
since then we have learned in fact
从那时起我们就知道事实上
there's not just one there are 30 areas
不仅仅是一个区域 大脑中的 30 个区域
in the brain concerned just with with
只与
seeing and maybe these different areas
视觉有关，也许这些不同的区域
are specialized for different aspects of
专门负责视觉的不同方面，
vision one area for seeing
一个区域负责看到
colors another area for seeing
颜色，另一个区域负责看到
movement or form and shape relative
运动或形状和形状，相对
distance and
距离和
depth now despite this staggering
深度，尽管
complexity of all these different areas
所有这些不同区域的复杂性令人震惊
there seems to be a simple overall
似乎有一个简单的整体
pattern of organization in fact the
组织模式，事实上，
visual input as it comes in seems to
视觉输入似乎
divide into two parallel streams of
分为两个并行的
processing there is one pathway which we
处理流，有一个路径，我们
call the how Pathway to which some of
称之为其中一些
these areas belong and that how pathway
区域所属的路径，以及路径
seems to be concerned mainly with
看起来如何 主要关注
navigation with being able to walk
导航 能够
around avoid bumping into obstacles be
四处走动 避免撞到障碍物
avoiding uneven terrain reaching out and
避免不平坦的地形 伸出手
grabbing
去抓
something the how pathway leads from the
东西 路径如何从
main visual areas to the top of the
主要视觉区域通向
brain the other pathway is the watt
大脑顶部 另一个路径是瓦特
pathway and this leads from the main
路径，这会导致 从主要
visual areas to the temporal
视觉区域到
loes the what pathway is concerned with
颞叶 与
recognizing the object what am I looking
识别物体有关的途径是什么 我在看
at what does it mean for me is this an
什么 这对我来说意味着什么 这是一个
edible object is it a flower is it a
可食用的物体 这是一朵花 它是一个
person's
人的
face what is it that I'm looking at and
脸 我是什么 看看这对
what does it mean for me that that's
我来说意味着什么，这就是什么
what the what pathway is concerned with
路径所关心的，
and it's that pathway that seems to be
而这条路径似乎
damaged in
Phillip one of the first things we learn
菲利普中被损坏了我们要做的第一件事
to do is to recognize and name
就是识别并命名
animals
动物
camel camel
骆驼骆驼
they're camels I'll has the guest their
它们 “是骆驼，我会让客人的
camels too late Dr off but if I hadn't
骆驼来得太晚了，博士走了，但如果我没有
seen the side post then I wouldn't have
看到侧边的帖子，那么我就不会
known last summer ramama chandren was
知道去年夏天拉马·钱德伦
invited to meet Phillip in Cambridge to
受邀去剑桥与菲利普会面，
witness a series of tests he had a hunch
见证了他的一系列测试 有预感，
that Philip's naming problem was a key
菲利普的命名问题是
to understanding the brain's recognition
理解大脑识别
system me introducing you to Phillip who
系统的关键 我向您介绍菲利普，
I've been working with for several years
我已经和他一起工作了好几年了，
now um back at the in the late' 70s he
嗯，早在 70 年代末，他就
was involved in a very serious car
卷入了一场非常严重的
accident and this left him comos for a
车祸 这让他昏迷了好
number of weeks and when he actually
几个星期，当他真正
came around from the coma it was noted
从昏迷中苏醒过来时，有人指出
that he'd got problems in recognizing
他在识别
people's faces and also in recognizing
人脸以及识别
animals and fruit and
动物和水果和
vegetables history starts for me after
蔬菜方面都遇到了问题。对我来说，历史是在那天之后开始的。
the date of the accident because as a
事故，因为
result of the accident my memory is very
事故的结果，我的记忆现在非常
非常
short now when you look at say an
短，当你看着一只
animal what is your feeling about it I
动物时，你对它有什么感觉，我的
mean is it does it look fuzzy does it
意思是它看起来模糊吗，它
look out of focus or you know what it is
看起来失焦了，还是你知道它是什么，
but you can't say it out loud because
但你 不能大声说出来，因为
it's at the tip of your tongue if I know
它就在你的舌尖上，如果我知道它
what it is but I can't it's on the tip
是什么，但我不能，它就在
of my tongue you you say but I just
我的舌尖上，你说，但我就是
can't place it although Philip's
无法放置它，尽管菲利普
shattered Memory is a severe problem for
破碎的记忆是一个 对他来说，严重的问题是
him he does manage to a relatively
他确实设法过上相对
normal life
正常的生活，
skin now this difficulty it's a seems to
现在这个困难似乎是一个
be relatively isolated difficulty in
相对孤立的困难，
that he can actually recognize buildings
因为他实际上可以认出建筑物，
he doesn't get lost he drives his way
他不会迷路，他开车
around Cambridge collects his daughter
绕着剑桥走，每天从学校接他的女儿
from school every
day in the first test Philip is shown
在第一次测试中，菲利普看到了
pictures of famous buildings which he
著名建筑的照片，他
seems to taken his
似乎迈出了一
stride that's Cambridge it's King's
大步，那就是剑桥，这是国王
College Chapel easy to identify by the
学院教堂，其他人很容易通过盒子
box that side to anybody else I'm just
旁边的盒子来识别我只是
perfectly normal because I'm that
完全正常，因为我很
good at masking over when I'm trying to
擅长掩盖 当我试图在
Bluff my way around a
某种情况下虚张声势时，
situation I can take you from A to B no
我可以毫无麻烦地把你从A带到B，很
trouble what's clear is that he's not
明显的是，他
blind absolutely um and this suggests
绝对不是盲目的，嗯，这表明
that the notion that vision is one
视觉是一个
process is clearly wrong that are all
过程的观念显然是错误的，所有
these subtle process proc going on in
这些微妙的 在灵长类动物大脑中描述的
the 30 or odd visual areas that have
30 个或奇数个视觉区域中进行的处理过程，
been described in the primate brain and
some of these Pathways can be
其中一些通路可以
selectively damaged so you get these
选择性地受损，因此您会得到这些
very very fascinating deficits where one
非常非常令人着迷的缺陷，其中
category alone is affected with other
仅一个类别受到影响，而其他
categories being intact what's this
类别完好无损，这是什么
thing electric
东西 电
plug pair of
插头 一副
glasses good Philip is fine with objects
眼镜 很好 菲利普对物体很满意
it's with categories of living things
它与生物的类别
that the problems start
有关 问题开始了
see you can tell me about this one I
看到你可以告诉我这个 我
know what it is but I can't name it uh
知道它是什么，但我无法命名它 呃，
and it's annoying me Philip's phrase is
这让我很烦 菲利普的短语是
a bit odd he says he knows what it is
有点奇怪的是，他说他知道它是什么，
but he can't name it but in fact in most
但他不能说出它的名字，但事实上在大多数
instances he doesn't even know what it
情况下他甚至不知道它
is this brings us face to face with the
是什么这让我们面对
mysterious Borderland between seeing and
看到和知道之间的神秘边界，
knowing which has always puzzled
这一直困扰着
philosophers just told him
哲学家 只是告诉他，
that if you don't know Rhino how can you
如果你不知道犀牛，你怎么
tell if it's a rhino if your teachers
知道它是不是犀牛，如果你的老师
told you if you don't know what a rhino
告诉你，如果你不知道犀牛
is how would you know what a RH no but I
是什么，你怎么知道什么是 RH 不，但我的
mean if your teachers told you you don't
意思是，如果你的老师告诉你 你不
know what a rhino is how do you know
知道什么是犀牛 你怎么知道
what Rhino is I couldn't have put it
什么是犀牛 我自己无法说得
better
更好
myself you have just said it
你刚才已经说了这
all all Philip's difficulty with the
一切 菲利普与犀牛的困难
Rhino reveals how we learn about the
揭示了我们如何了解
world around us the temporal loes of the
我们周围的世界
brain where Philip's problem is located
菲利普的问题所在的大脑
seem to house specific m memory files
似乎容纳着特定的记忆文件，可以帮助
that help us distinguish one thing from
我们区分一件事和
another and there are files within files
另一件事，文件中的文件使
that enable us to tell one animal from
我们能够区分一只动物和
another one face from another
另一只动物一张脸和另一张
face Philip's accident shattered these
脸菲利普的事故粉碎了
memory
files we don't have exactly the same
我们不知道的这些记忆文件 没有完全相同的
systems involved in recognizing animals
系统来识别动物
and recognizing objects you happen to
和识别物体，你碰巧
have lost the Animals part which in your
失去了动物部分，在你的
case given that you're living in a city
情况下，考虑到你生活在城市里，
and you're a 20th century man this is
而且你是一个 20 世纪的人，这不是
not a dire problem if however you were a
一个可怕的问题，如果 然而，你是一个
hunter gatherer and you weren't quite
狩猎采集者，你不太
sure what animal was coming at you it
确定什么动物正在向你走来，当
could be a very serious problem
indeed when he's stumped philli often
他被难住时，这确实可能是一个非常严重的问题菲利经常
resorts to a roundabout way of solving
采取迂回的方式来解决
the problem by trying a Sherlock Holmes
问题，尝试基于夏洛克·福尔摩斯的
likee deduction based on little
推理 小
Clues golden color golden color golden
线索 金色 金色 金色
color golden color lions
金色 狮子
tigers they're big obviously vicious
老虎 它们很大，明显很凶恶，
occasionally I'll go for lines but a
偶尔我会去寻找台词，但
guess a big
猜测一个大
guess it seems to me what's interesting
猜测，在我看来，这一切的有趣之处
about all this is there is this tcid
在于，所有这些都
taxonomy going on all the time in your
在进行 TCID 分类法 在你的
brain this obsessive need to classify
大脑中，这种对事物进行分类的强迫性需求
things help me girls what is
帮助我，女孩，这是
it and of course this is tremendously
什么，当然，这
useful for survival because you need to
对生存非常有用，因为你需要
know got whether these animals in
知道这些动物是否
general are mean Predators these animals
普遍是卑鄙的捕食者，这些动物
are generally prey here is a mate not a
通常是猎物，这里是伴侣而不是伴侣
particular mate but a potential
特别的伴侣，但现在潜在的
mid now Phillip obviously has problems
中年菲利普显然在
recognizing many different categories of
识别许多不同类别的
objects but the most important category
物体方面存在问题，但
in many ways for us humans because we
对我们人类来说，在很多方面最重要的类别是因为我们
are such highly social creatures is
是高度社会化的生物，
interaction between people which
人与人之间的互动
involves recognizing faces
涉及识别面孔
I don't know I can't place you in any
我不知道我能 不要把你置于任何
situation is it a man or a woman it's a
情况下，是男人还是女人，是
woman obviously dressed up to look
女人，显然打扮得很
younger Donald Duck for I don't I don't
年轻，唐老鸭，因为我不知道，我不
know I'm going to try and draw a famous
知道，我要尝试在黑板上画一个著名的
personality on the board and see if you
人物， 看看你是否
can identify who it is
能认出谁
okay now in addition to his other visual
现在除了他的其他视觉
problems Philip does have
问题之外，菲利普确实患有
prosopagnosia the inability to recognize
面容失认症，无法识别
people's
人们的
faces I don't recognize faces to get
面孔我不认识面孔来
around this I pick up on everything
解决这个问题我对所有
clothes hairstyles
衣服、发型、
nose mustache but Philip's deductive
鼻子、胡子都了解，但菲利普的演绎
process is not always
过程
reliable sometimes he misreads a clue
有时并不总是可靠，他会误读线索
and draws the wrong
并得出错误的
conclusion famous movie
结论著名电影明星
star I can't name her no but if I'm
我不能说出她的名字不，但如果我是
correct we're going back to the
对的，我们将回到
56s and you're not telling me anything
56年代，而你并没有通过表达告诉我任何事情
by the expression on your face yes she
你的脸是的，她
married into royalty cuz she married
嫁给了皇室，因为她嫁给了
into oh wow what's the
哦，哇，
country in
欧洲哪个国家
Europe
gambling Monte
赌博蒙特卡洛，
Carlo I can't name her does she look
我无法说出她的名字，她对你来说看起来很
beautiful to
漂亮吗？
you or sort of so
so go by that picture no
but I feel it's by a reputation that yes
是的，
she was okay by reputations yes she was
她名声不错，是的，她是
a very attractive
一个非常有魅力的
woman philli is not often this mistaken
女人，菲莉并不经常犯这样的错误，
usually his intelligent alertness to
通常他对线索的聪明警觉
Clues sees him through it's only when
会帮助他渡过难关，只有当
he's caught out in the most ordinary
他陷入最普通的
situation that it becomes clear how
情况时，很快就会清楚
great his loss
他的损失有多大
is shortly after we tested him in the
在我们在实验室对他进行测试后，
laboratory we engineered a chance
我们设计了一次
encounter with Roos on the street to see
在街上与鲁斯的偶遇，看看
if he would recognize her out of context
他是否能在断章取义的情况下认出她，
do you want me to actually approach her
你想让我真正接近她吗？是
yeah just go and say
的，去打个招呼吧，好吧，你好，
hello okay do
that hello
phip R got
phip R
well done didn't you recognize me I
做得很好 你没认出我吗 我
didn't know only when you spoke only
不知道 只有当你说话的时候 只有当
when I spoke only when who spoke yeah
我说话的时候 只有当谁说话的时候 从
yeah if I hear them speak then I'm in
heaven because I can identify persons by
The Voice although Philip fails to
recognize Ros visually his auditory
视觉上看，他的听觉
recognition system is still intact as
识别系统仍然完好无损，
soon as he hears Ros all the correct
当他听到罗斯时，所有正确的
associations and feelings flood in I
联想和感觉都会涌入我
walk straight past
身边，
you cuz I don't recognize people sorry
因为我不认识人，对不起，
it's okay just wanted to see whether
没关系，只是想看看
that makes me rude no I it turns out
这是否会让我变得粗鲁，不，事实证明
that Philip's flood of emotion plays a
菲利普的情感洪流
vital role in the act of recognition I
在识别行为中起着至关重要的作用 我
can walk straight past somebody there
可以直接从某人身边走过 即使是
are many components to even the simple
Act of recognizing somebody's face the
识别某人的脸这个简单的行为也有很多组成部分
most obvious component is the ability to
最明显的组成部分是能够
look at that person and know who he is
看着那个人并知道他是谁
um his name his identity and what that
嗯，他的名字，他的身份，以及那
person means to you in other words
个人对你意味着什么，换句话说，
everything you associate with conscious
你与有意识地
recognition of faces but in addition to
识别面孔相关的一切，但除此之外，
that you have to assign an emotional
你还必须为
significance to what you're looking at
你所看到的东西赋予情感意义，
especially if it's a face is this a
特别是如果它是一张脸的话 一张
terrifying face of somebody who I don't
我不喜欢的人的可怕面孔
like could it be my boss could it be an
可能是我的老板 可能是
enemy could it be an animal like a lion
敌人 可能是像狮子这样的动物
or maybe it's something
或者可能是
neutral there is a very rare
中性的东西 有一种非常罕见的
neurological condition called the cap
神经系统疾病，称为“
gra delusion where the emotional
卡普格拉妄想”，其中情绪
response to who we're looking at gets
反应 我们所看到的人被
disrupted the effect of this on our
打乱了，这对我们
reaction to to familiar faces is
对熟悉面孔的反应的影响
extraordinary David woke up one day
是非同寻常的大卫有一天醒来，
convinced that his parents were
确信他的父母是
imposters David presented Dr
冒名顶替者大卫向拉马钱德兰博士展示了
ramachandran with one of the strangest
cases he has ever encountered
他遇到过的最奇怪的案例之一
2 years ago David was involved in a
两年前，大卫
terrible car accident while driving back
在从墨西哥开车返回加利福尼亚州时遭遇了一场严重的车祸，当时
to California from Mexico there was a
problem with the car and I landed in the
汽车出现了问题，我头朝下降落在高速公路上，
highway with my head first okay like
就像
this truck that is coming
这辆即将
by for 5 weeks David lay in a coma
经过 5 周的卡车一样，大卫躺在一辆汽车里。 昏迷
serious injuries led to the loss of his
重伤导致他失去了
right arm but to everyone's relief when
右臂，但当
he came round his mental capacities
他苏醒时，大家都松了一口气，他的心智能力
seemed to be
似乎
intact he was articulate he was
完好无损，他能言善道，他很
intelligent not obviously psychotic or
聪明，没有明显的精神病或
emotionally disturbed uh he could read a
情绪困扰，呃，他可以看
newspaper everything seemed fine except
报纸，一切似乎都很好，除了
he had one profound delusion he would
他 一种深刻的错觉，他会
look at his mother and he would say this
看着他的母亲，他会说这个
woman doctor she looks exactly like my
女医生她看起来一模一样我的
mother but in fact she's not my mother
母亲但事实上她不是我的母亲
she's an impostor she's some other woman
她是一个冒名顶替者她是另一个冒充
pretending to be my mother
我母亲的女人大卫
the injury to the temporal loads of
David's brain had brought on a very rare
大脑的暂时负荷受到伤害 带来了一种非常罕见的
condition called the cap
情况，称为帽子
delusion the capgrad illusion is a
妄想，卡格拉德错觉是
tragic revelation of the vital role
played by our emotions in the act of
我们的情绪在
recognition I was cooking dinner and he
认识到我正在做饭而他
probably didn't like the food that night
可能不喜欢那天晚上的食物的行为中所扮演的重要角色的悲剧性揭示，
okay and and he said you know the lady
好吧，他 说你认识
who comes in the morning she cooks much
早上来的那位女士，她做饭
better than you it's a it's that lady I
比你好得多，就是那位女士，我非常
like that lady very
喜欢那位女士，
much but the lady was me of course all
但那位女士当然一直都是我，
time David was also convinced that his
大卫也确信他的
father was an
父亲是个
impostor he would say to his dad you
冒名顶替者，他会说 给他爸爸，你
know I'm sure you would like to meet
知道，我确定你想见见
this guy I'm going to let you know this
这个人，我会让你认识这个
man because I'm sure you like it he
人，因为我确定你喜欢他，他
looks so much like you but he drives
看起来很像你，但他开得
better he doesn't go so fast backwards I
更好，所以他不去 快退 我
would like you to meet him because he
想让你见见他，因为在
looks a lot like
you after 2 months of this Disturbing
这种令人不安的行为两个月后，他看起来很像你 大卫
Behavior David's parents decided to seek
的父母决定
help from ramach chandron who they'd
向拉马赫·钱德伦寻求帮助，他们
heard had an interest in such cases but
听说他对此类案件感兴趣，但当
when you looked at the person who looked
你看着这个人时 谁长得
like your father what was your feeling
像你父亲，你的感觉是
did it look like there's some other
不是好像还有一个
person who resembles your father is not
人像你父亲，不是
really your father something like that
你的父亲，确实是这样，有
exactly there's a difference at the fact
区别的是，
that I know that that person happens not
我知道那个人恰好
to be my father uhhuh what was going on
不是我的父亲，嗯嗯，什么 正在
why was this gentleman there who who
looked like your father if somebody who
looks identical or very close to my
father or my mother the fact that that
person bball it is not my father or my
mother right okay I don't expect things
发生的事情 为什么这位先生在那里，他看起来像你的父亲，如果有人看起来与我的父亲或我的母亲相同或非常接近，那么事实是那个人不是我的父亲或我的母亲，好吧，我不期望发生什么
from that person as I would expect from
正如我期望从
my parents no I got to the teacher today
我父母那里得到的那样，不，我今天到了老师那里，
David didn't only have these upsetting
大卫不仅对人们有这些令人不安的
delusions about people he even believed
妄想，他甚至相信
that his own home was a replica one day
自己的家是复制品，有一天
he started getting really angry I want
他开始变得非常生气，我
to go to my house I want to go to
想去 我的家 我想去
David's house I want to go to David's
大卫的家 我想去大卫的
house and we're in the apartment and I'm
家，我们在公寓里，我
just going what am I going to do so I
只是要去我要做什么，所以我
decided I said okay David let's go so I
决定说，好吧，大卫我们走，所以我
took him down the
带他下了楼
stairs and I went around through the
楼梯，我从后面绕过去，
back came back through the elevator took
通过电梯回来，带
him to bring you know the same apartment
他带你去同一个公寓，
yeah okay come and I said this is your
是的，好吧，来，我说这是你的
house and I opened the door I said okay
房子，我打开门，我说，好吧，
Chia and I just left him there alone it
Chia，我就让他一个人呆在那里。
was the same
同一个
apartment and he looked at and said oh
公寓，他看着说，哦，
yes this is my
是的，这是我的
apartment things like that would happen
公寓，类似的事情会发生
and and then maybe a few days after he
，然后也许几天后他
would started saying I want to go to my
会开始说我想去我
house David's house this is not David's
家大卫的房子这不是大卫的
house amazingly David sometimes referred
房子令人惊讶大卫有时会提到 克拉斯
to himself as the other David as if his
own self were an imposter
the krass delusion has been known since
错觉自
the turn of the century but has been
本世纪之交以来就为人所知，但一直被
treated as a curiosity an anomaly the
视为一种好奇心和异常现象，
standard explanation which you find in
你在
most Psychiatry textbooks is a Freudian
大多数精神病学教科书中找到的标准解释是弗洛伊德式的解释，
one and the idea is something like this
并且 这个想法是这样的
this young man like most young people
这个年轻人像大多数年轻人一样，
when he was an infant growing up he had
当他还是个婴儿的时候，他
strong sexual attraction to his mother
对他的母亲有强烈的性吸引力，
the so-called Freudian hius complex no I
所谓的弗洛伊德的hius情结不，我
I want I talk to him when I said but as
想当我说的时候我和他说话，但随着
he grows up
他长大
these udal sexual urges towards his
这些对他母亲的性冲动
mother get repressed but then Along
被压抑，但随后
Comes a blow to their head and
他们的头受到了打击，
suddenly and
突然而
inexplicably these sexual urges come
莫名其妙地，这些性冲动
flaming to the surface and he finds
燃烧到表面，他发现
himself sexually attracted to his mother
自己被他的母亲性吸引，
and he says my God if this is my mother
他说天哪，如果这是我的母亲
how come I'm attracted to her how come
怎么办？ 来吧，我被她吸引了，为什么
I'm aroused this must be some other
我会被激起，这一定是其他一些
strange woman and yeah they spoke in
奇怪的女人，是的，他们用
Hebrew right he speaks Hebrew now this
希伯来语说话，对，他现在说希伯来语，这
is an ingenious explanation but it
是一个巧妙的解释，但它
doesn't quite work because I've seen a
不太有效，因为我见过一个
patient who has the same
病人 谁
delusion about his pet dog he'll look at
对他的宠物狗有同样的错觉，他会看着
his pet dog and say doctor this is not
他的宠物狗，说医生，这不是
Fifi it looks just like Fifi but in fact
菲菲，它看起来就像菲菲，但事实上
it's been replaced by another identical
它被另一只一模一样的
dog so how does the Freudian explanation
狗取代了，那么弗洛伊德的解释如何
account for this unless you start
解释这一点，除非你 开始
talking about the inherent beastiality
谈论所有人类与生俱来的兽性
in all human beings or something like
或类似的东西，
that so what really causes the cupgrass
那么真正导致杯草
syndrome well it turns out that when you
综合症的原因是，当你
look at an object the message goes to
看一个物体时，信息会传递到
the temporal L cortex where you
颞叶 L 皮层，在那里你
recognize
认出了
it but seeing is a multi-level process
它，但看到的是一个多重的东西。
after you've recognized it you also need
当你认出它之后，你还需要
to respond to the object emotionally
对物体做出情感上的反应，
this is obvious when you look at a
当你看
Picasso or a rembrand or any beautiful
毕加索或伦布兰德或任何美丽的
picture even when you look at say your
图片时，这一点很明显，即使你看着你
mother's face the appropriate emotional
母亲的脸，也必须唤起适当的情感
warmth has to be evoked or when you look
温暖 或者当你看到
at a lion you have to be afraid and all
狮子时，你必须感到害怕，所有
of this is part of the visual process
这些都是视觉过程的一部分，
but happening in a different part of the
但发生在大脑的不同部分，
brain whenever we look at an object or a
每当我们看到一个物体或一张
face the message reaches the temporal
脸时，信息就会到达
loes where it's identified but then it
颞叶，在那里它被识别出来，但 然后它
gets relayed to a structure called the
被转发到一个叫做
amydala which is the gateway to the
杏仁核的结构，它是通往
emotional centers of the
大脑情感中心的门户，
brain and it's here that we generate the
正是在这里，我们对我们现在看到的任何东西产生
appropriate emotional response to
适当的情绪反应，
whatever it is we're looking
at now what I've suggested is the
我建议的是
message gets to the temporal lobe cortex
信息得到的 到颞叶皮层，
so the patient recognizes his mother as
因此患者认识到他的母亲
being his mother and evokes the
就是他的母亲，并唤起
appropriate memories but the message
适当的记忆，但信息
doesn't get to the amydala because the
不会到达杏仁核，因为
fibers going from the temporal cortex to
从颞叶皮层到
the amydala and to the emotional centers
杏仁核再到情感中心的纤维被
are cut as a result of the
切断为
accident therefore there is no emotion
事故的结果，因此没有情感，
there is no warmth and he says if this
没有温暖，他说，如果这
is really my mother why is it I'm not
真的是我的母亲，为什么我没有
experiencing any emotions there's
经历任何情感，这里
something not quite right here maybe
有些不对劲，也许
she's some other strange woman
她是另一个假装的奇怪女人
pretending to be my mother that's the
我的母亲，
only explanation that makes sense to him
given this very strange disconnection
考虑到大脑中
between the visual centers and the
视觉中心和
emotional centers in the
情感中心之间这种非常奇怪的脱节，这是对他来说唯一有意义的解释。当
brain ramachandran's hunch that David's
delusions were being caused by the
rupture of specific brain circuits was
lent unexpected weight when David's
大卫的
mother recalled a strange incident with
母亲回忆起拉马钱德兰的预感时，大卫的妄想是由特定大脑回路的破裂引起的，这给了他意想不到的分量。 电话里发生了一件奇怪的事情，
the phone
we got so tired of him saying you're not
我们厌倦了他说你不是
my dad you're my dad you're not my
我爸爸你是我爸爸你不是我
mother you're my mother we decided okay
妈妈你是我妈妈我们决定好吧
you go downstairs call on the phone and
你下楼打电话给
said David hi and on the phone he would
大卫打个招呼 在电话里他会
know he was his dad on the phone he
知道他是他的爸爸 在电话里他从来
never ever had this problem had this
没有遇到过这个问题 有这个
problem so on the phone he' always
问题所以在电话里他总是
recognized on the phone as his father as
在电话里认出他是他的父亲 因为
his father no problem saw in person he
他的父亲没有问题 亲眼看到他
would say you look like my father but
会说你看起来像 我的父亲，但
you're not father no I'm waiting for my
你不是父亲，不，我在等我的
he would come up and no I'm waiting for
他会出现，不，我在等
father this shows the patient is not
父亲，这表明病人没有
crazy why would he be crazy in person
疯，为什么他本人会疯，
but not on the phone the answer is
但在电话里却不会，答案是
there's a separate pathway that goes
有一条单独的通路
from the auditory cortex the hearing
从听觉皮层、
part of the temporal LA to the amigdala
颞叶 LA 的听觉部分到阿米格达拉，大卫的
and that pathway was not damaged in
这条通路没有因
David by the car accident therefore when
车祸而受损，因此，当
he listens to his father on the phone
他在电话里听父亲讲话时，
there is no delusion oh great this is a
没有错觉，哦，太棒了，这是真的 一个
lovely example how how you can take a
可爱的例子，如何从神经病学的X档案中获取一种
completely bizarre neurological syndrome
完全奇怪的神经综合症，
maybe from the X Files of Neurology
which no one really
没有人真正
understood a person claiming that his
理解一个声称他的
mother is an
母亲是
impostor and then come up with a very
冒名顶替者的人，然后根据已知的解剖学提出一个非常
detailed explanation in terms of the
详细的解释
known anatomy of the brain saying here
大脑说这里
is where the flaw is and then doing an
就是缺陷所在，然后做了一个
experiment that takes just an hour to do
实验，只花了一个小时就完成了，
and showing that this is what's gone
并表明这就是
wrong in this patient okay are you
这个病人出了问题的地方，好吧，你方便吗，嗯，
comfortable mhm
to test his theory about kgra ramach
测试他关于 Kgra ramach
chandron arranges to measure David's
Chandron 的理论，安排测量 David 的
galvanic skin response which is the
电流 皮肤反应是
basis of the lie detector
测谎仪测试的基础，
test whenever we look at something
每当我们看到一些
emotionally significant the emotional
情绪上重要的东西时，
centers of the brain prepare the body
大脑的情绪中心就会让身体做好采取
for action and we start
行动的准备，我们开始
sweating this causes a big change in
出汗，这会导致皮肤表面的电阻发生巨大变化，
electrical resistance across the surface
of the skin that can be measured
测量
the prediction is that when people with
预测是，当
normal brains look at photographs of
大脑正常的人看到
people they do not know they will not
他们不认识的人的照片时，他们不会
respond emotionally so there will be no
做出情绪反应，因此
change in skin resistance but a familiar
皮肤电阻不会发生变化，但熟悉的
face will prompt an emotional response
面孔会引发情绪反应，
and invariably there is a
change now the question is what happens
现在总是会发生变化 问题是，
with
David if ramachandran's theory is
如果拉马钱德兰的理论是
correct pictures of his parents will not
正确的，大卫会发生什么，他父母的照片不会
prompt an emotional response so the line
引起情绪反应，所以线路
should remain
应该保持
flat now this is also telling you about
平坦，这也告诉你
how all of us of normal people respond
我们所有正常人
to faces and to objects because what
对面孔和物体的反应 因为
happens in this patient is truly
这个病人身上发生的事情确实非同
extraordinary the lack of emotional
寻常，缺乏情绪
response actually leads him to this very
反应实际上导致他产生了一种非常
profound illusion that this person is
深刻的幻觉，认为这个人
not really his mother in other words the
实际上不是他的母亲，换句话说，
lack of the aut omic gut reaction this
缺乏本能的肠道反应，这种
emotional response leads him to an
情绪反应导致他得出了一个
absurd conclusion overriding what his
荒谬的结论 凌驾于他的
intellect is telling him and this tells
理智告诉他的事情上，这告诉
you how closely linked your intellectual
你你对
view of the world is to your basic
世界的理智看法与你
emotional reactions to the
对世界的基本情感反应有多么密切的联系，
world this lack of emotional response to
这种对熟悉面孔缺乏情感反应
familiar faces can feel extremely
可能会让人感到非常
unpleasant Oliver is another rare capg
不愉快奥利弗是生活在另一个罕见的
gra patient living in
卡普格拉患者
London a few months ago he woke up
几个月前的伦敦，他醒来时
convinced that the woman in bed beside
确信躺在床上的女人
him was his wife's double and this
是他妻子的替身，而这个
double had evil designs on him
替身对他怀有邪恶的图谋
when I went out early in the morning the
当我一大早出去时，
sky was completely red I thought it was
天空完全是红色的，我以为这
like the end of the
world so I I came back in and I got into
世界末日了，所以我回到家，上了
bed and uh my wife asked me what was
床，呃，我的妻子问我怎么了，
wrong with me and when I turned and
当我转身
looked at her her eyes were red from no
看着她时，她的眼睛因为没睡而红了，
sleep like you know and I said you're a
你知道，我说你是一个
vampire sh don't be mad you know like
吸血鬼别生气，你知道，
you feel like sometimes getting in there
有时你想进去
and giving them a good kick and they
狠狠地踢他们一脚，然后他们就会
wake up and you know whatever
醒来，你知道，
um but it wasn't going to happen like
嗯，但事情不会像那样发生，
that I said oh you were one of them and
我说哦，你是他们中的一员
she said one of
她说，其中一个
who delusions as powerful as these
如此强大的妄想
suggest that in addition to damaged
表明，除了大脑回路受损之外，
brain circuits there may after all be a
Freudian Dimension to the capgrad
卡格拉德
illusion this disconnection between the
错觉可能还存在弗洛伊德维度，大脑中的
visual centers and the temperal Ms and
视觉中心、情绪中心和
the emotional centers in the brain
情感中心之间的脱节
cannot be a complete explanation for the
不可能是不可能的。 对
full-fledged CGR delusion in other words
成熟的 CGR 妄想的完整解释，换句话说，
disconnection might be occurring but how
可能会发生断线，但
you respond to the disconnection might
你对断线的反应可能
depend on the particular relationship
取决于在大脑受损
you had with that person prior to the
之前你与那个人的特定关系
damage to the
brain you know your wife you're looking
你知道你正在寻找的妻子 她
at her talking to her every day and this
每天都和她说话，这个
person just taking our place you know
人只是取代了我们的位置，你知道，
and she's not your wife and she's she's
她不是你的妻子，她是她，她
trying to convince you that she is your
试图让你相信她是你的
wife just because I co out from one set
妻子，只是因为我从一套
of clothes and come back and change into
衣服里出来，回来换上
another I'm not somebody else or if I go
另一套衣服 我不是别人，或者如果我
out that door I don't come in at
走出那扇门，我不会进来找
somebody else but to get him to believe
别人，而是让他相信
that I just couldn't I've had about
我不能，我已经告诉他们了大约
eight cardas and seven different doctors
八位卡达和七位不同的医生
I've told them all like you know
就像你知道的那样，
Oliver's most recent psychiatrist is
奥利弗最近的精神科医生是
Simon fleminger fleminger agrees with
西蒙·弗莱明格。弗莱明格同意拉马钱
ramachandran's anatomical explanation of
德兰对 Kgra 的解剖学解释，
kgra but also feels that the condition
但也认为这种情况
may be colored by the patient's
可能会受到患者
emotional state but it was just some
情绪状态的影响，但这只是某种
somehow you
原因，你
knew that she was an imposter and wasn't
知道她是冒名顶替者，而不是冒名顶替者。
your wife and wasn't to be trusted yes
你的妻子，不值得信任是的，
that's right yes one has to be able to
是的，是的，人们必须能够将
incorporate into any model some idea
that psychological factors can make the
心理因素可以使
condition wax and Wayne and I think one
病情恶化的一些想法融入到任何模型中，韦恩，我认为
of the Fascinations about the condition
这种情况的魅力之一
is how you bring that in not to
是你如何带来这种情况 并不是要
displace uh a physical explanation but
取代呃物理解释，而是
to adds to it what I have tried to
要添加我试图纳入的内容，即
incorporate is the way in which what
we're expecting to see can affect what
我们期望看到的东西会影响
we actually
我们实际
see and if the
看到的东西，以及与
apparatus that is related to memory
记忆
function and to perceptions has in some
功能和感知相关的装置 在某种程度上因
way been damaged by brain injury and if
脑损伤而受损，如果
your expectations are sufficiently
你的期望足够
strong and powerful as they might be in
强烈和强大，就像一个非常
somebody who is very very frightened or
非常害怕或
suspicious then in fact what you see is
怀疑的人一样，那么事实上你所看到的
more determined by what you expect to
更多是由你期望
see than what is really going on out
看到的而不是真正的东西决定的
there this is perhaps what's happening
那里发生的事情也许就是
in people with capc they get the belief
CAPC患者身上发生的事情，他们相信
that their wife is not to be trusted and
自己的妻子不值得信任，
that then affects how they see their
这会影响他们如何看待自己的
wife and the result is that they're
妻子，结果是他们
perceiving somebody who isn't their wife
感知到的人不是他们的妻子
who must therefore be an imposter
因此，他一定是冒名顶替者
luckily for cap gra patients the
幸运的是，对于卡普格拉患者来说，这种
condition seems to heal
情况似乎可以治愈
itself Oliver's wife is no longer a
奥利弗的妻子不再是
vampire and David no longer thinks his
吸血鬼，大卫也不再认为他的
parents are
父母是
imposters the man who looks like his
冒名顶替者那个看起来像他
father is his father and triggers the
父亲的人是他的父亲并触发了
flow of all the old familiar
流动
feelings but sometimes the flow of
feeling that can completes the act of
recognition becomes an uncontrollable
flood for John this can make the
experience of just looking at the world
unbearably
intense John has temporal lobe
约翰患有颞叶
epilepsy the seizures involve my person
癫痫症，癫痫发作涉及我本人
and my soul and my spirit all of
和我的家人。 当我感受到其中一种感觉时，我的灵魂和我的精神全部都会
it when I get one of those feelings so
my whole body just tingles and just oh
颤抖，我的整个身体就会感到刺痛，哦，
I'm like that's that
我就像是那样
John's epilepsy raises the amazing
约翰的癫痫症提出了一种令人惊奇的
possibility that the temporal loes of
可能性，即大脑的颞叶
the brain may play a part in the
可能在其中发挥作用
specially intense feelings that we call
我们称之为宗教体验的特别强烈的感觉
religious experience
John has temporal lobe
epilepsy the storms that rage through
癫痫症在
his brain raise the tantalizing prospect
他的大脑中肆虐的风暴提出了一个诱人的前景，
that we all might have a kind of God
即我们所有人都可能拥有一种上帝
Spot A specialized structure hardwired
点一种硬连线
into our brains that opens us to
到我们大脑中的特殊结构，使我们对
religious feelings
宗教情感敞开大门
[音乐] ]
it has been known for a long time that
长期以来，人们都知道，
some patients with Caesars originating
一些来自
in the temporal loes have intense
颞叶的凯撒患者具有强烈的
religious auras intense experience of
宗教光环，强烈地体验到
God visiting
上帝的拜访，
them sometimes it's a personal God
有时是一位个人上帝，
sometimes it's a more diffuse feeling of
有时是一种与宇宙合而为一的更分散的感觉，
being one with the cosmos everything
一切
seems suffused with meaning the patient
似乎都充满了 意思是病人
will
say finally I see what it's all really
最终会说，我明白了
about doctor I really understand God I
医生的真正含义，我真的了解上帝，我
understand my place in the universe in
了解我在宇宙中的位置，在
the cosmic scheme why does this happen
宇宙计划中，为什么会发生这种情况
and why does it happen so often in
，为什么这种情况经常发生在颞
patients with temporal Lo
叶癫痫发作的患者身上，
seizures my attitude was I was God and
我的态度是我 是上帝，
then I had Heaven and Hell in my
然后我眼里有天堂和地狱
eyes that was it you know what I mean I
那就是你知道我的意思我
was the the grand guy who created heaven
是创造天堂
和
hell Jon's epileptic seizures are
地狱的伟人乔恩的癫痫发作
essentially an electrical storm in his
本质上是
temporal loobs when a group of neurons
当一组神经元
start firing at random out of sync with
开始放电时他颞叶中的一场电风暴 最近，约翰与他大脑的其他部分随机不同步，
the rest of his
brain recently John experienced one of
his worst episodes to date for nearly a
近一周以来，约翰经历了迄今为止最严重的发作之一，
week he had eight seizures a day each
他每天癫痫发作八次，每次
seizure lasted about five minutes and
癫痫发作持续约五分钟，并
involved violent convulsions that left
伴有剧烈抽搐，使
him unconscious
他失去知觉
I basically had made plans with an
我基本上 和一位
ex-girlfriend to go out to the Salt
前女友计划去
River in Arizona out in the desert this
亚利桑那州的盐河，在沙漠里，这个
girl likes to drink a
女孩喜欢喝酒，
lot and to keep up with her I uh started
为了跟上她，我呃开始
drinking vodka martinis and I went into
喝伏特加马提尼，然后我
some serious seizures out
严重癫痫发作了
there later that day John somehow
那天晚些时候，约翰
managed to get a call through to his
设法给他
father who immediately drove out to the
父亲打了个电话，他父亲立即开车去
desert to bring him
沙漠把他带
home on the way home him and I just got
回家，在回家的路上，我刚刚
into some
陷入了一些
philosophical you know questions about
哲学问题，你知道
everything and I just would not shut up
一切，我只是不会关闭
once I on the way home I was going and
当我在回家的路上时，我正走着
going it was like I was
走着，就像我被
wired it's basically an earthquake
连线了一样，这基本上是
within the body and like any earthquake
体内的地震，就像任何地震一样，也会有
there are
aftershocks mainly what I deal with is
余震，主要是我处理的是
the after manth particularly with this
余震，特别是在
last
最后一
episode it was very much like stepping
集，这是非常多的 就像
into a Salvador Dolly
走进萨尔瓦多·多莉的
painting okay instantly everything was
画作一样，好吧，一切都变得
surreal and that's in essence what his
超现实，这本质上就是他的
seizures are all about the
癫痫发作的全部
aftermath um where it puts his brain
后果，嗯，它让他的大脑在哪里，
where it puts his memory where it puts
他的记忆在哪里，它让
his mind his thinking ability everything
他的思想在哪里，他的思维能力，
else what when John eventually came
其他一切都是什么时候？ 约翰最终
through this last episode he was
熬过了最后一集，他
exhausted but he felt
筋疲力尽，但他感觉
omnipotent I went running down the
无所不能，我跑到
street screaming that I was God and then
街上尖叫着我是上帝，然后
this guy came out and I was just like
这个家伙出来了，我就像
pelvic thrust at him and his wife and I
骨盆推力一样向他和他的妻子，我
was like you want a effing bat I ain't
就像你想要一个 我不是
God and I said literally you get
上帝，我说你这个混蛋
back in here what do you think you're
回到这里你以为你在
doing you made me come on back in come
做什么你让我回来
on back in now I'm going I'm going you
回来现在我要走了我要走了你
know you're disturbing the neighbors
知道你在 打扰邻居
you're going to call the cops what is
你要报警这是怎么
this all about all right all right all
回事好吧好吧
right okay all right you're not God I
好吧好吧你不是上帝我
kind of just looked at him cool and calm
只是冷静地看着他并向
and apologized to him and I'm like no no
他道歉，我就像不一样 没有
one's going to call the police like I
人会打电话报警，就像我
didn't say this last part but I'm
没有说过这最后一部分一样，但我
thinking to myself no one's going to
心里想，没有人会因为
call the police on
God John was introduced to ramach
上帝而报警约翰是
chandron by his Doctor Who who knew of
由他的神秘博士介绍给拉马钱德伦的，他知道
ramachandran's interest in disorders
拉马钱德兰对疾病的兴趣
that straddle the boundary between
跨越
neurology and
神经病学和
Psychiatry John had had a recent seizure
精神病学之间的界限 约翰最近癫痫发作，
which made their encounter very
emotional when I listen to certain types
当我听某些类型
of
的
music I have this connection with
音乐时，这让他们的遭遇非常情绪化 我几乎与另一个世界有这种联系，
another world almost and it's very hard
很难
to convey it to another person uh yeah
将其传达给另一个人 呃，是的，
if you were to ask my dad he would just
如果你是 问我爸爸，他只会
say I am completely through the Gateway
说我完全通过了网关，
and into another reality 100 % indeed a
进入了另一个现实，100％确实
separate physical reality is every bit
是一个独立的物理现实，
is real to him mhm okay although it is
对他来说每一点都是真实的，嗯，好吧，虽然这
absolutely nothing like this reality is
绝对不像这个现实
to us I have looked in his eyes in those
对我们来说我已经看过他的 那些
times and I have seen seen a cry for
时候我看到了眼睛，看到了呼救声，
help I've been in so much pain that I'd
我太痛苦了，我
rather be shot to death dude or just
宁愿被枪杀，伙计，或者只是被
whipped to death wh
鞭打致死，
yeah I've been in so much joy that I
是的，我太快乐了，我
would
rather be left alone man get take
宁愿 独自一人，把
everything away and just let me sit
一切都拿走，让我坐在
there and have that much joy I feel like
那里，享受那么多的快乐，我觉得
I can float and stuff sometimes you know
我可以漂浮，有时你知道，
okay it's just it's like it's like the
好吧，这就像
best people people just go what are you
最好的人一样，人们就走吧，你在
talking I've done I've gone done all
说什么我已经 完成了，我吸过各种
kinds of drugs and things and been with
毒品，做过各种各样的事情，一直和
you know women and I just go you don't
你在一起，你知道女人，我只是走了，你不
understand man very first seizure I can
明白男人第一次癫痫发作，我
remember he was 17 years old Okay so
记得他当时 17 岁，好吧，所以
until 17 he was kind of pretty much like
直到 17 岁他都有点像
any other kid he went through the usual
任何其他孩子他都经历过常见的
adolescent problems very much so but
青春期问题，所以但
other was your family are you religious
其他的是你的家人你有宗教信仰吗
or is he religious at before that time
或者他在那之前有宗教信仰呃
uh not uh not
不呃不
no now why do these patients have
不现在为什么这些患者在癫痫发作
intense religious experiences when they
时有强烈的宗教经历
have these
seizures and why do they become
以及为什么 即使在癫痫发作之间，他们是否也会
preoccupied with theological and
专注于神学和
religious matters even in between
宗教问题？
seizures one possibility is well maybe
一种可能性是，也许
God actually visits them but if that's
上帝真的拜访了他们，但如果这是
true as a scientist I can't test this
真的，作为一名科学家，我无法测试这一点，就
there's no way of finding
没有办法找到
out one possibility is that the seizure
一种可能性是癫痫发作
activity in the temporal lobe somehow
颞叶的活动以某种方式
creates all kinds of oddd strange
emotions in the person's mind in the
在人的大脑中产生各种奇怪的情绪，
person's brain and this welling up of
bizarre emotions may be interpreted by
奇怪情绪的涌出可能会被
the patient as as visits from another
患者解释为来自另一个
world uh or as God is visiting me maybe
世界的访问，或者上帝正在访问我，也许
that's the only way he can make sense of
这就是 他能够理解他
this Welter of strange emotions uh going
on in his
brain a third possibility is that this
大脑中发生的这种奇怪情绪的唯一方法第三种可能性是，这
is something to do with the way in which
the temporal loes are wir up to deal
with the world
emotionally as we walk around and
与我们在情感上处理世界的颞叶连接方式有关。 四处走动并
interact with the world you need some
与世界互动，你需要某种
way of determining what's important
方式来确定什么是重要的，
what's emotionally Salient and what's
什么是情感上突出的，什么是与
relevant to you versus something trivial
你相关的，什么是琐碎
unimportant now how does this come
不重要的事情，现在这是如何
about we think what's critical is the
发生的我们认为关键是
connections between the sensory areas
感觉区域
and the in the temporal lobes and the
和时间区域之间的联系 脑叶和
杏仁核是通往大脑
情感中心的门户，
brain the strength of this connections
这种连接的强度
is what determines how emotionally
决定了某件事在情感上的显着程度，
Salient something
is and therefore you could speak of a a
因此你可以说是
sort of emotional salience landscape
一种情感显着景观，其中的
with Hills and Valleys corresponding to
山丘和山谷对应于
what's important and what's not
重要的事情和正在发生的事情 不重要，
important
and each of us has a slightly different
我们每个人的
emotional salience
情绪显着性都略有不同
landscape now consider what happens in
现在考虑一下颞
temporal lob epilepsy when you have
叶癫痫发作时会发生什么，当您
repeated
反复
seizures what might be going on is an
癫痫发作时，可能发生的情况是
indiscriminate strengthening of all
所有这些通路的不加区别的加强，
these
Pathways it's a bit like water flowing
这有点像
down rivulets along the cliff surface
沿着小溪流淌的水 当反复下雨时，沿着悬崖表面，
when it rains repeatedly there's a
increasing tendency for the water to
水会越来越倾向于
make furrows along one pathway and this
沿着一条路径形成皱纹，这种
Progressive deepening of the furrows
皱纹的逐渐加深人为
artificially raises the emotional
地提高了
significance of some categories of
某些类别输入的情感意义，
inputs so instead of just finding lions
因此不仅仅是发现狮子
and tigers and mothers emotionally
、老虎和母亲在情感上
Salient he finds everything deeply
显着 他发现一切事物都非常显
Salient for example a grain of sand a
着，例如一粒沙子，
piece of Driftwood seaweed all of this
一片浮木海藻，所有这些
becomes imbued with deep
都变得充满了深刻的
significance now this tendency to
意义，现在这种将
ascribe Cosmic significance to
宇宙意义赋予
everything around you might be akin to
你周围的一切的倾向可能类似于
what we call a mystical experience or a
我们所说的神秘体验或
宗教体验
he has a seizure he'll want to talk
他癫痫发作，他想谈论
philosophy he want to discuss all the
哲学，他想讨论所有
things that are floating around in the
漂浮在他在
stew he's got up here that he's trying
这里的炖菜中的事情，他试图
to reconstruct thoughts that he may have
重建他可能
had just just floating through his mind
刚刚在他脑海中浮现的想法。
while he was in a seizure mode may come
处于癫痫发作模式可能会
surfacing I see okay also also you said
浮出水面，我明白了，好吧，你也说
he's become more emotional because
他因为癫痫发作而变得更加情绪化，
because of the seizure so that's that's
所以这
helpful too much more sensitive but
很有帮助，更加敏感，但
oddly enough not in regards to himself
奇怪的是不是针对他自己，
okay okay but in regards to atrocities
好吧，但是关于暴行
disasters things like that anywhere and
灾难之类的事情 在南斯拉夫，无论在哪里，在
everywhere wrongs done to other people
哪里，耶稣基督都对其他人犯下了错误，
Jesus Christ in Yugoslavia you know it's
你知道这是
oh God but you know what a lot of times
天哪，但你知道很多次
I sit there and go okay
我坐在那里然后走开，
um there's a reason for ethnic cleansing
嗯，种族清洗是有原因的，
mhm it's
嗯，这是
right and I said there and totally
对的，我在那里说并完全
justify it in my own head oh my God I
证明它是合理的 在我自己的头脑中，天哪，我对
100% Justified 100% right for the human
人类来说是100%合理的，100%正确的，
race oh my God and you know what I am so
天哪，你知道我
right in my own head I know I could go
在我自己的头脑中是多么正确，我知道我可以
out there and get people to follow me
走出去，让人们跟随我，而
not not like these wackos with sheets on
不是像这些 头上盖着床单的疯子
their heads not like those
不像那些
idiots but now it's just the new
白痴，但现在只是新一代
generation of the prophets and were all
的先知，所有的
the prophets people people that were
先知都是
flopping around on the ground is that
在地上翻来覆去的人，
what this whole message was the gift
这整个信息是
from the gods this whole time that's
众神的礼物，这就是
possible little yeah I've never been
可能吧，是的，我从来没有
religious
宗教信仰，
ever the one I compare myself to is Noah
我把自己比作诺亚
and his ark us saving our Earth as a
和他的方舟，我们像一艘船一样拯救我们的地球，
ship I would say he was a prophet too
我想说他也是一位先知，
and did something about it saving
并为此做了一些事情，拯救了
everything like getting two of
一切，比如
each I just know it's not going to be 40
每样都得到两个我只是 大家都知道，这不会是 40
days and 40 nights everyone it's going
天 40 夜，
to be 40 billion years before we're
我们需要 400 亿年才能
ready to take off in that
准备好乘坐那艘
ship ramachandran's proposal that Jon's
船起飞。
intense religious feelings may be the
result of faulty wiring in his temporal
loes raises a fascinating question might
洛伊斯提出了一个令人着迷的问题，也许
all our brains be in some way hardwired
我们所有的大脑都以某种方式为宗教信仰而生硬连线，
for religious
belief a few years ago the popular press
几年前，大众媒体
inaccurately quoted me as having claimed
错误地引用了我的说法，声称
that there is a God Center or a gspot in
在颞洛伊斯有一个上帝中心或一个g点，
the temporal loes and now this is
现在这
complete nonsense there is no specific
完全是无稽之谈。
area in the temporal lobe concerned with
颞叶中没有与上帝有关的特定区域，
God but it's possible there are parts of
但颞叶的某些部分可能
the temporal loes whose activity is
其活动在
somehow conducive to religious
某种程度上有利于宗教信仰，
belief now this seems unlikely but it
现在这似乎不太可能，但
might be
true now why might we have neural Machin
现在可能是真的，为什么我们可能
in the temporal loes for belief in
在颞叶中有神经机器
religion well belief in religion is
宗教信仰 宗教信仰很
widespread every tribe every society has
普遍，每个部落每个社会都有
some form of religious worship and maybe
某种形式的宗教崇拜，如果它
the reason it evolved if it did evolve
确实进化的话，也许它进化的原因
is that it is conducive to the stability
是它有利于
society and this may be easiest if you
社会的稳定，如果你相信某种形式，这可能是最容易的
believe in some sort of Supreme Being
至高无上的存在
and that may be one reason why religious
，这可能是宗教
sentiments evolved in the brain
情感在大脑中进化的原因之一，
the only reason I probably
我可能
would get rid of the seizures and
会摆脱癫痫发作和
epilepsy because I've never even seen
癫痫症的唯一原因，因为我什至从未见过
them it's because of my family because
它们，这是因为我的家人，因为
him I would I would keep him for those
他，我会保留 他对那些
Visions because of the way I see the
愿景的看法是因为我看到
world falling into place and things like
世界正在步入正轨的方式以及诸如此类的事情，这是
that it's a wild little place to to be
一个
in stuck in
被困在
there but it also seems like a key and
那里的疯狂小地方，但它似乎也像是一把钥匙，而
right now I haven't learned how to get
现在我还没学会如何去那里
to the key without use the key without
those seizures
if I was told that I'd never have a
如果我被告知我
chance to have that key again sorry I'm
再也没有机会拥有那把钥匙，抱歉，我
going to hold on to that
会保留那
thing just because some patients with
东西，只是因为一些颞
temporal Lo seizures have intense
叶癫痫发作的患者有强烈的
religious experiences this does not in
宗教经历 无论如何，这不会使
any way invalidate that experience for
that
那个
[Applause]
[掌声]
patient in fact it can very often enrich
患者的经历无效。事实上，它经常可以
the patient's life enormously and it
极大地丰富患者的生活，并且
poses a dilemma very often for the
经常给医生带来困境，
physician because because what right do
we have to treat the patient with
我们有什么权利用
medication or with surgery thereby in
药物或药物治疗患者？ 手术因此在
some instances depriving him of these
某些情况下剥夺了他这些
valuable
宝贵的
experiences to me the exciting thing is
体验，对我来说，令人兴奋的是，
that subjects like God and religion can
像上帝和宗教这样的主题
now be actually addressed by us
现在可以由我们科学家实际解决，
scientists
we can begin to ask questions about
我们可以开始提出有关
religion and God and begin to approach
宗教和上帝的问题，并开始解决
these questions by listening to these
这些问题 通过聆听这些
patients by talking with them and by
患者的心声、与他们交谈并
studying
研究
them the human brain is without any
他们，人类大脑
doubt the most complexly organized form
无疑是宇宙中组织最复杂的物质形式。
of matter in the
universe the brain is made up of 100
大脑由 1000
billion nerve cells or
亿个神经细胞或
neurons someone has calculated that the
神经元组成，有人计算出
number of possible permutations and
可能存在的数量。
combinations of brain activity exceeds
大脑活动的排列和组合超过了
the number of Elementary particles in
universe and this gives you some idea of
宇宙中基本粒子的数量，这让你对
the Staggering complexity one is faced
with in trying to understand the
试图理解
functions of this mysterious
这个神秘器官的功能所面临的惊人复杂性有了一些了解，
organ so the question is how do you even
所以问题是你如何
begin
开始